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COM - Endocrine > Hormone Signaling Pathways 2/1 Zaidi > Flashcards

Hormone Signaling Pathways 2/1 Zaidi Flashcards

1
Q

What are examples of hydrophilic molecules?

What kind of receptors do they use?

Located where?

A

Histamine, serotonin, Insulin, glucagon, ACh, etc

GPCRs and RTKs

Cell surface

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2
Q

What are some lipophilic signaling molecules?

What receptors do they use?

A

Steroid hormones, thyroxine, retinoids

Within the cytoplasm and nucleus

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3
Q

When the cytoplasmic receptors are in inactive form, what are they complexed with?

When translocating to the nucleus, what does it bind?

A

HSP 90

Specific DNA sequence HRE

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4
Q

Which medications have a longer half life aka last longer?

A

Lipophilic meds

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5
Q

What are the subunits of GPCRs?

A

Alpha, beta, gamma

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6
Q

What is used to activate the inactive trimeric G protein?

A

GEF

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7
Q

What is used to remove the GTP from the active G protein?

A

GAP

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8
Q

What triggers the Gt pathway?

What does it activate?

A

Light

cGMP

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9
Q

What are the physiological responses of Epinephrine?

A

Relax bronchial and intestinal smooth m.
Contracts heart m.
INC breakdown of TAGs, glycogen
INC glycolysis in muscle

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10
Q

What pathway is used when the Beta-adrenergic Epi receptor is activated?

A

Gs

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11
Q

What pathway is used when the alpha-2-adrenergic Epi receptor is activated?

A

Gi

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12
Q

What connects the A chain to the B chain of insulin?

How many a.a. Is the A chain and B chain?

A

Disulfide bridges, additional one in A chain

A-21
B-30

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13
Q

What phospohorylates CREB in the cytosol of epinephrine signaling?

What happens next?

A

PKA

Translocates to nucleus and activates CRE which up regulates gene expression

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14
Q

What pathway is used when the alpha-1-adrenergic Epi receptor is activated?

A

Gq

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15
Q

How is the inactive form of insulin stored?

Active form?

A

Hexameter

Monomer

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16
Q

How are the granules of insulin divided?

A

readily releasable pool (RRP) which accounts for the 1st release

Reserve pool (95%) responsible for the 2nd phase of insulin secretion, must first undergo mobilization

17
Q

What kind of receptor does insulin use?

What specific receptor?

Then what happens?

A

RTK

IRS-1

Receptor is phosphorylated

18
Q

Describe the RAS dependent pathway

A

IRS-1 -> GRB-2 -> RAS -> alters gene transcription (INC glucokinase) -> INC glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis

19
Q

Describe the RAS independent pathway

A

IRS-1 -> PI 3-kinase -> PKB -> alterations in protein and enzyme activity (INC GLUT4) -> INC glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis

20
Q

What domain binds the PO4’ed IRS-1 receptor?

A

SH2

21
Q

Where is insulin located/where does it act?

A

Muscle, adipocytes, liver

22
Q

How else can PKB promote glycogen synthesis?

A

By phosphorylating and inhibiting GSK-3

23
Q

INC phosphorylation of what contributes to insulin resistance?

What is inhibited?

A

Serine via Ser/Thr kinase instead of Tyr

IRS inhibited

24
Q

What are Ser/Thr kinases activated?

A

FFA
DAG
Ceramics
Inflammatory molecules

DIC F

25
Q

Under conditions of glucose deficiency what releases glucagon?

What does this do?

A

Pancreas

INC blood sugar via glycogen breakdown and inhibition of glycogen synthesis

26
Q

What also stimulates breakdown of glycogen via glucagon secretion?

A

Epinephrine

27
Q

What stimulates gluconeogensis once glycogen stores are depleted?

A

Cortisol

28
Q

What are the 3 major domains of Nuclear Receptors?

A

AF1
DBD
LBD

29
Q

Which domain is highly conserved and binds to HRE?

A

DBD

30
Q

Which binding domain is independent of ligand binding and con modify the confirmation of the entire receptor?

A

AF1

31
Q

Which receptor binds to various molecules which regulates ligand-dependent activation of receptor?

A

LBD

32
Q

where is ER alpha expressed?

A 
Female reproductive tract
Mammary gland
Hypothalamus 
Endothelial cells
Vascular smooth m.

FEM HV

33
Q

Where is ER beta expressed?

A 
Prostate and ovaries
Lung 
Brain 
Bone
Vasculature

BBP LV

34
Q

What is an antagonist to the ER that inactivates the transcription?

What is recruited to the complex that prevents interaction with the GTA via tightening of chromatin??

A

Tamoxifen

HDAC1

35
Q

What are some non-genomic ERs located?

A

In the PM in caveolae (cholesterol domains)

36
Q

What are hormone synthesized and secreted by?

A

Endocrine cells

COM - Endocrine (12 decks)

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