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COM - Endocrine > Histology - 2/1 Cole > Flashcards

Histology - 2/1 Cole Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 target cells of hormones?

A

Protein hormones

Lipid soluble hormones

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2
Q

How do protein hormones act?

Lipid soluble?

A

Attach to surface receptors via 2nd messenger

Cross CM, bind intracellular receptor

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3
Q

What is an example of positive feedback?

A

Breast feeding

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4
Q

What hormones does the hypothalamus produce?

Where are they stored?

A

Oxytocin and ADH

Posterior pituitary

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5
Q

What does the supraoptic nucleus primarily make?

Paraventricular?

A

ADH

Oxytocin

But they both can make both

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6
Q

What releases TSH?

Fx of TSH?

A

TRH

Makes T3 and T4 thyroid hormones

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7
Q

What releases FSH and LH?

A

GnRH

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8
Q

What does LH stimulate?

A

Ovulation, estrogen, progesterone and testosterone

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9
Q

What does FSH stimulate?

A

Stimulates follicular development and spermatogenesis

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10
Q

What releases ACTH?

Fx?

A

CRH

Stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortisol

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11
Q

What releases GH?

Fx?

A

GHRH

Stimulates growth, DEC glucose uptake, increase protein synthesis, organ size, lean mass

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12
Q

What does somatostatin do?

A

Inhibits release of GH and TSH

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13
Q

What does PIH (dopamine) do?

A

Inhibits release of prolactin

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14
Q

What does prolactin inhibit?

A

FSH, LH, GnRH

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15
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

What else in relation?

A

In sella turica within sphenoid bone

Posterior to optic chiasm

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16
Q

A pituitary adenocarcinoma can cause what?

A

Bitemporal hemianopsia
Compression of pituitary -> hypopituitarism
Headache

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17
Q

What is the embryological origin of the ant. Pituitary?

Post. Pituitary

A

Oral ectoderm

Neuroectoderm

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18
Q

Where does the ant. Pituitary originate from?

A

Rathke’s pouch as an evagination from roof of mouth

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19
Q

How does the post. Pituitary gland develop?

A

Evagination from floor of diencephalon, remains as infundibular stalk

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20
Q

What is a craniopharyngioma?

What can it cause?

A

Residual tissue left behind by Rathke’s pouch

Bitemporal hemianopsia and headache

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21
Q

What are the parts of the ant. Pituitary?

A

Pars distalis
Pars tuberalis
Pars intermedia

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22
Q

What part of ant. Pituitary surrounds the infundibular stalk?

A

Pars tuberalis

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23
Q

What makes up the neurohypophysis?

A

Pars nervosa

Infundibular stalk

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24
Q

What kind of cells make up the pars distalis?

What hormones does it secrete?

A

Glandular epithelial cells

FLAT PiG (6)

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25
Q

What cell groups make up the pars distalis?

A

Chromophils

Chromophobes

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26
Q

What composes the chromophils? What color do they stain? what hormones do they secrete?

A

Acidophils - stain pink and make PiG

Basophils - stain blue and make FLAT

27
Q

How to ID Chromophobes?

A

Stain poorly
Only nuclei visible
Smaller than the phils

28
Q

What inhibits FSH?

A

Inhibin

Feedback inhibition by estrogen in females

29
Q

What does FSH make in males?

In females?

A

Sertoli cells

Ovarian follicle maturation and estrogen production

30
Q

What inhibits LH?

A

Feedback inhibition by estrogen and progesterone in F

Testosterone in M

31
Q

What does LH do in females?

Males?

A

Triggers ovulation and stimulates estrogen and progesterone

Promotes Leydig cell production

32
Q

What is Kallman syndrome?

What does it prevent?

A

Delayed/absent puberty and anosmia

Migration of GnRH neurons to arcuate nucleus and olfactory neurons to olfactory bulb

33
Q

What inhibits ACTH?

Fx?

A

Feedback inhibition by glucocorticoids

Stimulates adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids and androgens

34
Q

What does T3 and T4 control?

A

Metabolism

35
Q

What does Prolactin inhibit?

What inhibits prolactin?

What stimulates release of prolactin?

A

GnRH, FSH, LH

PIH (dopamine)

Dopamine antagonists, estrogen, birth control, breast feeding

36
Q

What stimulates the release of GH?

A

Hypoglycemia, low levels of FAs, high levels of aa’s, exercise

37
Q

What inhibits GH?

A

Somatostatin
Feedback inhibition by GH and IGF-1
Hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, obesity, emotional deprivation

38
Q

What does the pars intermedia consist of?

What does it synthesize?

A

Small basophils
Colloid-filled follicles

Proopiomelanocortin

39
Q

How do posterior pituitary hormones work?

A

Hormones made in nuclei, travel down the axons via infundibular stalk into pars nervosa and stored until signaled to be released into the blood to take effect

40
Q

What does the pars nervosa contain?

A

Pituicytes (glial-like cells)

Herring body

41
Q

What are Herring bodies?

What are they stored with?

A

Expanded axon terminals

ADH and oxytocin

42
Q

Fx of ADH?

What regulates its release?

A 
Potent vasoconstrictor (V1 receptors)
Regulates serum osmolarity (V2 receptors)

Hypothalamic osmoreceptors and baroreceptors

43
Q

Fx of oxytocin?

A

Contraction of smooth m. Through uterine contractions during labor and breast myoepithelial cells

44
Q

What is the blood supply to the pituitary gland?

A

Internal carotid artery

45
Q

What supplies the anterior pituitary, median eminence, and infundibulum?

A

Sup. Hypophyseal arteries

46
Q

What artery supplies the pars nervosa?

A

Inferior hypophyseal artery

47
Q

Where does the pineal gland develop from?

A

Posterior out pocketing of the roof of the diencephalon in midline of 3rd ventricle

48
Q

What are the main fxs of the pineal gland?

A

Make melatonin and serotonin

49
Q

How is the pineal gland regulated?

A

Postganglionic Sympathetics from Sup cervical ganglion

50
Q

What is the pineal gland made up of?

A

Pinealcoytes
Neuroglial cells
Calcified granular material
NO Neurons

51
Q

What makes melatonin and serotonin?

When is melatonin made?
Serotonin?

A

Pinealocytes

Night
Day

52
Q

What kind of receptors regulate pinealocytes

A

Beta-adrenergic

53
Q

What kind of cells make up the neuroglial cells?

What do they do?

A

Interstitial cells

Support pinealocytes

54
Q

What is melatonin synthesized from?

Functions?

A

Tryptophan

Maintains circadian rhythms
Delays sexual development until puberty via inhibition of GnRH and GH secretion

55
Q

What are pineal tumors linked to?

A

Precocious puberty

DEC melatonin -> sexual maturity early

56
Q

What is melatonin used to treat?

A

Jet lag
Seasonal affective disorder
Sleep disorders

57
Q

Where are endocrine cells always close to?

What does this mean?

A

Fenestrated capillaries

Very well vascularized

58
Q

What makes up the infundibulum?

A

Pars tuberalis

Infundibular stalk

59
Q

What is ADH’s effect on urine?

A

Concentrates urine, retains water

60
Q

What does the superior hypophyseal arteries give rise to?

Located where?

A

Primary capillary plexus

Median eminence

61
Q

What drains the primary capillary plexus?

Where does the blood go?

A

Hypophyseal portal veins

Secondary capillary plexus (in pars distalis)

62
Q

What do the inferior hypophyseal arteries give rise to?

What does it supply?

How does it send the hormones into circulation?

A

3rd capillary plexus

Posterior pituitary

Their own hypophyseal veins

63
Q

How does blood get from the secondary capillary plexus into circulation?

A

Via fenestrated capillaries

64
Q

What venous sinuses drain the anterior and posterior pituitary glands?

A

Petrosal and cavernous

COM - Endocrine (12 decks)

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