Histology - 2/1 Cole Flashcards by Alex Hamidi

What are the 2 target cells of hormones?

Protein hormones

Lipid soluble hormones

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How do protein hormones act?

Lipid soluble?

Attach to surface receptors via 2nd messenger

Cross CM, bind intracellular receptor

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What is an example of positive feedback?

Breast feeding

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What hormones does the hypothalamus produce?

Where are they stored?

Oxytocin and ADH

Posterior pituitary

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What does the supraoptic nucleus primarily make?

Paraventricular?

ADH

Oxytocin

But they both can make both

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What releases TSH?

Fx of TSH?

TRH

Makes T3 and T4 thyroid hormones

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What releases FSH and LH?

GnRH

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What does LH stimulate?

Ovulation, estrogen, progesterone and testosterone

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What does FSH stimulate?

Stimulates follicular development and spermatogenesis

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What releases ACTH?

Fx?

CRH

Stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortisol

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What releases GH?

Fx?

GHRH

Stimulates growth, DEC glucose uptake, increase protein synthesis, organ size, lean mass

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What does somatostatin do?

Inhibits release of GH and TSH

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What does PIH (dopamine) do?

Inhibits release of prolactin

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What does prolactin inhibit?

FSH, LH, GnRH

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Where is the pituitary gland located?

What else in relation?

In sella turica within sphenoid bone

Posterior to optic chiasm

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A pituitary adenocarcinoma can cause what?

Bitemporal hemianopsia
Compression of pituitary -> hypopituitarism
Headache

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What is the embryological origin of the ant. Pituitary?

Post. Pituitary

Oral ectoderm

Neuroectoderm

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Where does the ant. Pituitary originate from?

Rathke’s pouch as an evagination from roof of mouth

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How does the post. Pituitary gland develop?

Evagination from floor of diencephalon, remains as infundibular stalk

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What is a craniopharyngioma?

What can it cause?

Residual tissue left behind by Rathke’s pouch

Bitemporal hemianopsia and headache

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What are the parts of the ant. Pituitary?

Pars distalis
Pars tuberalis
Pars intermedia

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What part of ant. Pituitary surrounds the infundibular stalk?

Pars tuberalis

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What makes up the neurohypophysis?

Pars nervosa

Infundibular stalk

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What kind of cells make up the pars distalis?

What hormones does it secrete?

Glandular epithelial cells

FLAT PiG (6)

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What cell groups make up the pars distalis?

Chromophils Chromophobes

What composes the chromophils? What color do they stain? what hormones do they secrete?

Acidophils - stain pink and make PiG Basophils - stain blue and make FLAT

How to ID Chromophobes?

Stain poorly Only nuclei visible Smaller than the phils

What inhibits FSH?

Inhibin | Feedback inhibition by estrogen in females

What does FSH make in males? In females?

Sertoli cells Ovarian follicle maturation and estrogen production

What inhibits LH?

Feedback inhibition by estrogen and progesterone in F | Testosterone in M

What does LH do in females? Males?

Triggers ovulation and stimulates estrogen and progesterone Promotes Leydig cell production

What is Kallman syndrome? What does it prevent?

Delayed/absent puberty and anosmia Migration of GnRH neurons to arcuate nucleus and olfactory neurons to olfactory bulb

What inhibits ACTH? Fx?

Feedback inhibition by glucocorticoids Stimulates adrenal cortex to release glucocorticoids and androgens

What does T3 and T4 control?

Metabolism

What does Prolactin inhibit? What inhibits prolactin? What stimulates release of prolactin?

GnRH, FSH, LH PIH (dopamine) Dopamine antagonists, estrogen, birth control, breast feeding

What stimulates the release of GH?

Hypoglycemia, low levels of FAs, high levels of aa's, exercise

What inhibits GH?

Somatostatin Feedback inhibition by GH and IGF-1 Hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, obesity, emotional deprivation

What does the pars intermedia consist of? What does it synthesize?

Small basophils Colloid-filled follicles Proopiomelanocortin

How do posterior pituitary hormones work?

Hormones made in nuclei, travel down the axons via infundibular stalk into pars nervosa and stored until signaled to be released into the blood to take effect

What does the pars nervosa contain?

Pituicytes (glial-like cells) Herring body

What are Herring bodies? What are they stored with?

Expanded axon terminals ADH and oxytocin

Fx of ADH? What regulates its release?

``` Potent vasoconstrictor (V1 receptors) Regulates serum osmolarity (V2 receptors) ``` Hypothalamic osmoreceptors and baroreceptors

Fx of oxytocin?

Contraction of smooth m. Through uterine contractions during labor and breast myoepithelial cells

What is the blood supply to the pituitary gland?

Internal carotid artery

What supplies the anterior pituitary, median eminence, and infundibulum?

Sup. Hypophyseal arteries

What artery supplies the pars nervosa?

Inferior hypophyseal artery

Where does the pineal gland develop from?

Posterior out pocketing of the roof of the diencephalon in midline of 3rd ventricle

What are the main fxs of the pineal gland?

Make melatonin and serotonin

How is the pineal gland regulated?

Postganglionic Sympathetics from Sup cervical ganglion

What is the pineal gland made up of?

Pinealcoytes Neuroglial cells Calcified granular material NO Neurons

What makes melatonin and serotonin? When is melatonin made? Serotonin?

Pinealocytes Night Day

What kind of receptors regulate pinealocytes

Beta-adrenergic

What kind of cells make up the neuroglial cells? What do they do?

Interstitial cells Support pinealocytes

What is melatonin synthesized from? Functions?

Tryptophan Maintains circadian rhythms Delays sexual development until puberty via inhibition of GnRH and GH secretion

What are pineal tumors linked to?

Precocious puberty | DEC melatonin -> sexual maturity early

What is melatonin used to treat?

Jet lag Seasonal affective disorder Sleep disorders

Where are endocrine cells always close to? What does this mean?

Fenestrated capillaries Very well vascularized

What makes up the infundibulum?

Pars tuberalis Infundibular stalk

What is ADH's effect on urine?

Concentrates urine, retains water

What does the superior hypophyseal arteries give rise to? Located where?

Primary capillary plexus Median eminence

What drains the primary capillary plexus? Where does the blood go?

Hypophyseal portal veins Secondary capillary plexus (in pars distalis)

What do the inferior hypophyseal arteries give rise to? What does it supply? How does it send the hormones into circulation?

3rd capillary plexus Posterior pituitary Their own hypophyseal veins

How does blood get from the secondary capillary plexus into circulation?

Via fenestrated capillaries

What venous sinuses drain the anterior and posterior pituitary glands?

Petrosal and cavernous