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COM - Endocrine > Endocrine Thyroid and Parathyroid - 2/3 Cole > Flashcards

Endocrine Thyroid and Parathyroid - 2/3 Cole Flashcards

1
Q

When does the fetus begin to respond to TSH?

A

2nd trimester or 22nd week

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2
Q

What kind of cells are active within the thyroid follicle?

Inactive?

A

Columnar

Cuboidal

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3
Q

What enzyme is used to add iodine to TGB, which is then released into the lumen via exocytosis?

What inhibits this enzyme for treatment of overactive thyroid gland?

A

Tyrosine peroxidase

Propylthiouracil and methyl mercaptoimidazole (MMI)

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4
Q

What happens as a result of TSH stimulus during secretion?

A

Endocytosis and digestion of colloid

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5
Q

What do colloid droplets fuse with?

A

Lysosomes

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6
Q

After breakdown by digestive enzymes, T3 and T4 diffuse through capillary membranes through facilitation with what?

A

Thyroxine-binding protein

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7
Q

Is more T3 or T4 secreted?

Which is more potent?

A

More T4

T3 more potent

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8
Q

Can free or bound T3 and T4 cross the lipid bilayer of CM?

What are they bound to?

A

Free

TGB, albumin, plasma proteins

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9
Q

What happens when blood levels of T3 and T4 decline?

A

Bound T3 and T4 are released

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10
Q

Which thyroid has a shorter half life?

What does this mean when measuring blood content of the secreted thyroid hormone?

A

T3

Usually measuring levels of T4

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11
Q

What are the effects of T3 and T4 release on the body?

A

INC basal metabolic rate of cells

Rise in body temperature

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12
Q

Elevated levels of T3 and T4 inhibit what?

A

release of TRH and TSH

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13
Q

What are the Sx of hyperthyroidism?

Causes?

A

INC metabolic rate, weight loss, hyperactivity and heat intolerance

Excessive stimulation of anterior pituitary
Loss of feedback control by thyroid gland
Ingestion of T4

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14
Q

What is Graves’ Disease?

What causes it?

Sx?

A

Hyperthyroidism

Autoimmune disorder that produces Abs to the receptors for TSH on the follicular epithelium, chronically stimulate the receptor

Goiter, exophthalmos, tachycardia, warm skin, finger tremors

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15
Q

What causes hypothyroidism?

Sx?

A

Insufficient production of thyroid hormones via DEC iodine intake, loss of pituitary stimulation, or destruction of the thyroid by the immune system

Low metabolic rate and weight gain, feeling of cold

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16
Q

What is Hashimoto’s disease?

Causes?

Tx?

A

Autoimmune disease assoc. with hypofunction of the thyroid gland

AutoAbs (antimicrosomal Abs) to Thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin

Oral thyroid meds

17
Q

What causes endemic goiter?

A

Iodine deficiency

18
Q

What is congenital hypothyroidism (cretinism)?

What do sporadic or genetic forms result from?

A

Severely student physical and mental growth due to untreated congenital deficiency of thyroid hormone

Abnormal dev or function of the fetal thyroid gland

19
Q

What are some Sx of congenital hypothyroidism?

A

Poor length growth
Delayed bone maturation and puberty
Impaired ovulation, infertility
Reduced muscle tone and coordination

20
Q

What are parafollicular cells (C cells) derived from?

What do they store?

A

Neural crest

Calcitonin

21
Q

What does calcitonin do?

Where does it bind?

A

DEC [calcium] by inhibiting bone resporption

Receptor on osteoclast

22
Q

What stimulates calcitonin?

A

Hypercalcemia

23
Q

What kind of cells are present in the parathyroid glands?

How are cells arranged?

A
  1. Chief/principal cell
  2. Oxyphil/acidophilc cell

Cord-like or follicular-like clusters

24
Q

What cells make PTH?

A

Chief/principal cells

25
Q

Where are CaSR’s located?

A

G protein in the CM of chief cells

26
Q

What does PTH act on?

To do what?

Where else does act to stimulate resorption of calcium?

A

Osteoblasts to promote osteoclast activity

INC circulating calcium

Renal tubules

27
Q

How does PTH control the rate of Ca uptake in the GI tract?

A

Regulates production of Vit D in the kidneys

28
Q

What does Vit D stimulate?

A

Cells of intestinal mucosa to absorb Ca and synthesize calbindin

29
Q

PTH has effects in what 3 areas?

A

Bone, kidneys, intestine

30
Q

What are the Sx of hypoparathyroidism?

A

Spontaneous depolarization of neurons and m. Fiber tetany

31
Q

What are the Sx of Hypercalcemia?

A

Bone loss resulting in osteomalacia and osteitis fibrosa cystica

32
Q

Hypercalcemia causes abnormal calcium deposition where?

A

Arteries and kidneys

33
Q

In children a deficiency of Vit D causes what?

Adults?

A

Rickets (affects ends of bones and long bones)

Osteomalacia

34
Q

Chronic renal failure or a congenital disorder lacking what enzyme can cause rickets or osteomalacia?

A

1alpha-hydroxylase

35
Q

What is typical of osteomalacia?

A

Pain, partial bone fractures, muscular weakness

36
Q

Where is the thyroid diverticulum positioned?

Between what pharyngeal arches?

A

Between anterior 2/3 and poster 1/3 of the developing tongue

Between 2nd and 3rd

COM - Endocrine (12 decks)

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