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DPT 753 - Pharmacology > Supplementation > Flashcards

Supplementation Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of CAMs

A
  • Complementary and Alternative Medications (CAMs) include herbal preparations, vitamins, minerals, and other nutritional substances.
  • Examples = Herbal remedies, neuropathic treatments, phytomedicines, dietary supplements.
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2
Q

Importance of noting CAMs on medication lists

A

Patients may take supplements without MD knowing; effects could increase or work against medications.

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3
Q

Bee Venom

A
  • Used to treat MS, RA, and autoimmune diseases.
  • Modulates immune response, but treatments can be painful and may have harmful effects.
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4
Q

Echinacea

A
  • Stimulates/supports immune system.
  • Treats cold symptoms and minor respiratory infections.
  • Side effects: GI upset, skin rash, allergic reactions.
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5
Q

Garlic

A
  • Reduces cardiovascular disease risk, lowers plasma lipids, blood pressure, and inhibits platelet aggregation.
  • Side effects: garlic breath, GI upset, bleeding risk with anticoagulants.
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6
Q

Ginger

A
  • Controls nausea and vomiting, anti-inflammatory effects. Used for pregnancy, post-surgery, cancer chemotherapy.
  • Side effects: GI problems, allergic reactions.
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7
Q

Ginkgo Biloba

A
  • Increases memory and cognition, improves circulation, antioxidant effects. Used for Alzheimer’s disease.
  • Side effects: potential bleeding issues, generally well tolerated.
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8
Q

Ginseng

A
  • Increases well-being, reduces fatigue, improves mental acuity.
  • Influences antioxidant enzymes and immune responses.
  • Side effects: reduces effectiveness of anticoagulants, exaggerates effects of antihyperglycemics.
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9
Q

Glucosamine and Chondroitin

A
  • Treats osteoarthritis by supplying ingredients for cartilage and synovial fluid.
  • Side effects: headache, GI problems. Benefits may vary among individuals.
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10
Q

Kava

A
  • Sedative and antianxiety effects, muscle relaxant.
  • Risk of liver toxicity, banned in some countries.
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11
Q

Melatonin

A
  • Regulates sleep-wake cycles, antioxidant effects. Used for insomnia, disturbed sleep cycles, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular function.
  • Side effects: headache, sleep cycle changes, GI disturbances, allergic reactions.
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12
Q

Saw Palmetto

A
  • Treats benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH).
  • Limited evidence of effectiveness.
  • Side effects: headache, GI upset, allergic reactions.
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13
Q

St. John’s Wort

A
  • Treats depression and anxiety by altering CNS neurotransmitter balance.
  • Side effects: accelerates metabolism of other medications, generally well tolerated.
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14
Q

Valerian

A
  • Treats mild anxiety and promotes sleep. Enhances GABA inhibition.
  • Side effects: headache, GI problems. Needs to be taken for a week or so before effects are apparent.
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15
Q

Water-soluble vitamins

A
  • Includes B vitamins and Vitamin C.
  • Move directly into blood and need regular consumption.
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16
Q

Fat-soluble vitamins

A
  • Includes Vitamins A, D, E, and K.
  • Require lipid transport and can be stored in fatty tissue.
17
Q

Vitamin A

A

Improves vision, boosts white blood cell production, directs bone remodeling. Excessive dosage can be harmful.

18
Q

Vitamin D

A

Maintains bone health, blood clotting. Improves stability and strength of muscles. Excessive dosage can be harmful.

19
Q

Vitamin E

A

Antioxidant, reduces clot risk, reduces age-related dementia. Excessive dosage can be harmful.

20
Q

Vitamin K

A

Blood clotting, bone health. Excessive dosage can be harmful.

21
Q

Major minerals

A
  • Needed in large amounts: sodium, calcium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus.
  • Required for normal body functions.
22
Q

Trace minerals

A
  • Required in small amounts: iron, zinc, copper, iodine, selenium.
  • Important for various physiological processes.
23
Q

Ergogenic aid

A

Any substance, mechanical aid, or training method that improves sports performance.

24
Q

Anabolic Steroids

A
  • Elevate testosterone, stimulate protein synthesis, improve muscle size and strength.
  • Risk of aggressiveness, irritability, and other adverse effects.
25
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO)

A
  • Stimulates RBC production, elevates oxygen carrying capacity.
  • Risk of increased blood thickness, BP elevation, and stroke.
26
Q

Testosterone Precursors (Prohormones)

A
  • Increase body’s ability to produce testosterone.
  • Less effective than anabolic steroids, potential for weight loss in women.
27
Q

Human Growth Hormone (HGH)

A
  • Stimulates bone and muscle growth, increases glucose and amino acid uptake.
  • Effective in body composition alterations.
28
Q

Essential Amino Acids

A
  • Needed for muscle protein synthesis.
  • Provides essential amino acids required in diet.
  • Consumed prior to exercise for anabolic responses.
29
Q

Nutritional Muscle Buffers

A
  • Regulate H+ concentration in muscle during high-intensity exercise.
  • Examples: ß-alanine, sodium bicarbonate.
  • Beneficial for high-intensity exercise.
30
Q

Creatine

A
  • Supplies energy to cells, improves strength and power in high-intensity exercise.
  • Side effects: weight gain, GI upset. Requires loading and maintenance doses.
31
Q

Caffeine

A
  • Increases fat oxidation, improves power production.
  • Side effects: anxiety, GI disturbances, insomnia. Withdrawal risks due to addiction.
32
Q

Ephedrine

A
  • Used for asthma and allergy relief, elevates BMR for fat loss.
  • Combined with caffeine for better results.
  • Risk of adverse effects.
33
Q

Citrus Aurantium

A
  • Appetite suppression and increased metabolic rate.
  • Minimal evidence of effectiveness.
  • Better when combined with caffeine.
34
Q

Signs of excessive supplement use

A

Muscle weakness, incoordination, excessive fatigue, balance problems, skin rashes, neuropathic changes, CV impairments.

DPT 753 - Pharmacology (16 decks)

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