Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

DPT 753 - Pharmacology > Diabetic Pharmacology > Flashcards

Diabetic Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Function of pancreatic hormones - Insulin

A

Lowers blood sugar by facilitating glucose entry into cells and promoting storage as glycogen.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Function of pancreatic hormones - Glucagon

A

Raises blood sugar by promoting glycogen breakdown and glucose production in the liver.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Function of pancreatic hormones - Somatostatin

A

Regulates GI absorption and motility, may inhibit insulin and glucagon release.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Function of pancreatic hormones - Ghrelin

A

Inhibits insulin release, regulates GI function, lipid metabolism, CV function, growth hormone release.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Alpha (A) cells

A

Produce glucagon.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Beta (B) cells

A

Produce insulin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Delta (D) cells

A

Produce somatostatin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

F cells

A

Produce pancreatic polypeptide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Epsilon (E) cells

A

Produce ghrelin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Role of insulin in carbohydrate metabolism

A

Facilitates movement of glucose into cells for storage or usage, increases glycogen synthesis, inhibits glycogen breakdown.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Role of insulin in protein and lipid metabolism

A

Promotes storage of proteins and lipids, stimulates protein synthesis and synthesis of fatty acids and triglycerides.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cellular mechanism of insulin

A

Binds to receptors on target cells, initiates biochemical changes, promotes glucose diffusion into cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Glucagon as hormonal antagonist of insulin

A

Increases blood sugar levels to prevent hypoglycemia, promotes glycogen breakdown and glucose production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Role of glucagon in glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis

A

Rapidly increases glycogen breakdown, prolongs hepatic glucose production to sustain blood glucose levels.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mechanism of action of glucagon

A

Binds to receptors on hepatic cells, activates enzymes to increase glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Blood glucose levels and hormone release

A

Normal fasting blood glucose: 70-110 mg/dL. Insulin is released when blood glucose increases, glucagon is released when it decreases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia

A

Hyperglycemia: elevated blood sugar causing neural and vascular damage. Hypoglycemia: low blood sugar with severe complications.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Diabetes Mellitus - Causes

A

Insufficient insulin secretion or decreased peripheral effects of insulin.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Diabetes Mellitus - Types

A

Type 1: 5-10% of cases, destruction of B cells, no insulin production. Type 2: 90-95% of cases, B cell dysfunction, decreased insulin sensitivity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Diabetes Mellitus - Effects and complications

A

Chronic hyperglycemia, dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, ketoacidosis, vascular and neural damage, retinopathy, renal failure, poor wound healing, neuropathy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Type 1 Diabetes - Characteristics

A

Unable to synthesize insulin, typically develops in childhood but can occur at any age.

22
Q

Type 2 Diabetes - Characteristics

A

Combination of B cell dysfunction and decreased insulin sensitivity, associated with poor diet, obesity, lack of exercise.

23
Q

Treatment of Type 1 Diabetes

A

Requires exogenous insulin administration to replace normal pancreatic production.

24
Q

Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes

A

May include insulin along with other agents, depends on the severity and cause of the condition.

25
Q

Rapid-acting insulin

A

Administered once/day or immediately before/after a meal for quick effect.

26
Q

Intermediate/Long-acting insulin

A

Provides prolonged effects for sustained insulin levels throughout the day or night.

27
Q

Combination insulins

A

Combine rapid and intermediate forms, minimizing the number of injections needed.

28
Q

Insulin pen/subcutaneous injection

A

Patients are trained in safety and injection management, common sites include abdomen, thighs, buttocks.

29
Q

Insulin pumps

A

Deliver a continuous infusion of insulin, manually activated at meal-times for additional dosing.

30
Q

Insulin sliding scale

A

Amount of insulin varies based on blood glucose levels, requires regular glucose monitoring.

31
Q

Adverse effects of insulin therapy - Hypoglycemia

A

Quick drop in blood glucose levels, symptoms include headache, fatigue, hunger, tachycardia, sweating, anxiety, confusion.

32
Q

Adverse effects of insulin therapy - Insulin allergy

A

Rare but can include pulmonary symptoms or skin reactions.

33
Q

Primary agents in Type 2 Diabetes - Sulfonylureas

A

Stimulate insulin release from B cells, primary adverse effect is hypoglycemia.

34
Q

Primary agents in Type 2 Diabetes - Meglitinides

A

Directly increase insulin release from B cells, examples: Repaglinide (Prandin), Nateglinide (Starlix).

35
Q

Primary agents in Type 2 Diabetes - Incretin-based therapies

A

Regulate insulin secretion and effects, examples: GLP-1 receptor agonists (Exenatide, Liraglutide), DPP-4 inhibitors (Lingagliptin, Saxagliptin, Sitaliptin).

36
Q

Insulin sensitizers - Metformin

A

Reduces glucose production in the liver, increases tissue sensitivity to insulin, primary oral antidiabetic agent.

37
Q

Insulin sensitizers - Thiazolidinediones

A

Similar to metformin, act on liver to inhibit glucose production and increase insulin sensitivity, examples: Rosiglitazone (Avandia), Pioglitazone (Actos).

38
Q

Nonpharmacologic interventions - Dietary management

A

Focus on healthy body weight, reduce tissues requiring insulin, educate on carbohydrate management.

39
Q

Nonpharmacologic interventions - Exercise

A

Aerobic exercise increases tissue sensitivity to insulin and can reduce blood glucose levels for up to 72 hours.

40
Q

Nonpharmacologic interventions - Tissue transplants and gene therapy

A

Transplantation of pancreatic B cells into the pancreas for Type 1 DM patients.

41
Q

Rehabilitation considerations - Hypoglycemia

A

Monitor for signs of hypoglycemia, educate patients on the importance of not skipping meals and monitoring blood glucose levels before therapy.

42
Q

Rehabilitation considerations - Complications of diabetes

A

Monitor for balance and fall issues due to neuropathies, weakness and fatigue due to renal failure, and increased risk for amputations due to poor wound healing.

43
Q

Rehabilitation considerations - Pharmacological management

A

Ensure patients have taken their medications, educate on disease progress, and reinforce the importance of non-pharmacological management.

44
Q

Which organ is primarily involved in the management of blood sugar levels through the release of insulin and glucagon?

  • Thyroid
  • Pituitary
  • Adrenal
  • Pancreas
A
  • Pancreas
45
Q

How does insulin primarily work to lower blood glucose levels?

  • Reduces glucose absorption from GI tract
  • Reduces appetite to reduce glucose absorption
  • Reduces reabsorption of glucose in the kidneys
  • Facilitates entry of glucose into peripheral tissues
A
  • Facilitates entry of glucose into peripheral tissues
46
Q

What is the range for normal, fasting blood glucose?

  • 200-220
  • 50-70
  • 70-110
  • 120-140
A
  • 70-110
47
Q

Which form of diabetes is categorized as the bodies inability to synthesize the needed amounts of insulin?

  • Type I Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM)
  • Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)
A
  • Type I Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM)
48
Q

What do you think is the primary problem associated with insulin therapy?

  • Insulin Allergy
  • Pulmonary Failure
  • Hypoglycemia
  • Drowsiness
A
  • Hypoglycemia
49
Q

Which of the following medications discussed is the primary oral medication used to treat Type 2 Diabetes?

  • Sitagliptin (Januvia)
  • Metformin (Glucophage)
  • Pramlintide (Symlin)
  • Glipizide (Glucotrol)
A
  • Metformin (Glucophage)
50
Q

Which cells in the pancreas are responsible for the production of insulin? These are commonly damaged leading to diabetes.

  • A-cells
  • F-cells
  • E-cells
  • B-cells
A
  • B-cells

DPT 753 - Pharmacology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions