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DPT 753 - Pharmacology > Cardiopulmonary Patient Considerations > Flashcards

Cardiopulmonary Patient Considerations Flashcards

1
Q

What is the underlying cause of asthma?

A

Localized inflammation sensitizes airway structures to asthmatic triggers.

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2
Q

What are the main features of asthma?

A

Bronchial smooth-muscle spasms, airway inflammation, mucous plugging of airways.

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3
Q

List common asthma triggers.

A

Allergens, chemicals, drugs, exercise, cold, stress, viral infections.

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4
Q

What is the first-line agent for most asthma patients?

A

Glucocorticoids.

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5
Q

What are short-acting bronchodilators commonly referred to as?

A

Rescue inhalers.

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6
Q

How do long-acting beta-2 agonists help in asthma management?

A

They help maintain bronchodilation for longer periods.

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7
Q

How are glucocorticoids administered for asthma?

A

Via inhalation.

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8
Q

What do glucocorticoids do?

A

Directly reduce inflammation causing asthmatic disease.

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9
Q

What do bronchodilators treat?

A

Secondary manifestation of disease of bronchoconstriction.

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10
Q

What are leukotriene inhibitors used for?

A

Mediating airway inflammation and long-term control of asthma.

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11
Q

What is Singular/Montelukast used for?

A

Management of exercise-induced asthma.

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12
Q

Why is Theophylline no longer commonly used?

A

Due to toxicity concerns.

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13
Q

What advice should you give to a patient using an inhaler?

A

Use 30-60 minutes prior to therapy and wash mouth out with water after use.

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14
Q

What conditions are included under COPD?

A

Chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

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15
Q

What is the primary use of bronchodilators in COPD management?

A

Maintaining airway clearance and preventing airflow restriction.

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16
Q

Which medications are primarily used for COPD patients?

A

Bronchodilators (Long-acting beta-2 agonists) and anticholinergics.

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17
Q

Which COPD condition would primarily benefit from glucocorticoids?

A

Chronic bronchitis.

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18
Q

What is angina pectoris?

A

Pain in the chest due to ischemic heart disease or coronary artery disease.

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19
Q

What are the various types of angina?

A

Stable, unstable, and variant.

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20
Q

What is the cause of angina pectoris?

A

Oxygen supply to the heart is insufficient to meet the demands.

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21
Q

What is the primary medication used to manage acute stable angina pain?

A

Nitroglycerin.

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22
Q

How do B-blockers and calcium-channel blockers help in managing angina?

A

Decrease myocardial oxygen demand by reducing sympathetic innervation and contractility.

23
Q

What is the mechanism of action of nitrates?

A

Promote vasodilation to relax the blood vessels, decreasing venous return and afterload, and increasing coronary blood supply.

24
Q

What are common side effects of nitrates?

A

Headache, hypotension, dizziness, reflex tachycardia, flushing of the skin, nausea, and vomiting.

25
Q

When should you call EMS for a patient taking nitroglycerin?

A

After they take 2 tablets with no effect.

26
Q

How should nitroglycerin be taken for angina symptoms?

A

Take 1 tablet every 5 minutes as needed, not exceeding 3 tablets.

27
Q

What are the storage requirements for nitroglycerin?

A

Stored in a dark container, tightly closed, and kept on the person at all times.

28
Q

What is Ranolazine (Ranexa) used for?

A

Part of the antianginal regime, decreases frequency of angina, and increases exercise ability without symptoms.

29
Q

What are the types of heart failure?

A
  • left-sided
  • right-sided
  • biventricular
  • systolic
  • diastolic
30
Q

Which medication group is the first line of defense for CHF?

A

ACE inhibitors.

31
Q

What are the goals of CHF medication?

A

Reduce anxiety, improve vasodilation, slow disease process, improve symptoms, and prolong survival.

32
Q

What are the primary drugs used to treat CHF?

A

Digoxin and digitoxin.

33
Q

How does digitalis increase cardiac output?

A

By increasing intracellular calcium, which enhances cardiac contractions.

34
Q

What are common adverse effects of digitalis?

A

GI distress, CNS disturbances, and arrhythmias.

35
Q

What do phosphodiesterase inhibitors do?

A

Inhibit the breakdown of cAMP in cardiac cells, leading to increased myocardial contractility.

36
Q

How are phosphodiesterase inhibitors administered?

A

IV administration for short-term acute options.

37
Q

Which medications are not used to decrease cardiac workload?

A

Anticholinergics.

38
Q

What are common signs of acute CHF?

A

Increased cough, difficulty breathing, abnormal respiratory sounds, frothy sputum.

39
Q

What is a major concern with patients taking diuretics?

A

Excessive fatigue and weakness, indicating fluid and electrolyte depletion.

40
Q

How do vasodilators affect CHF patients?

A

They can cause hypotension and postural hypotension, requiring caution during physical activities.

41
Q

What is the mechanism of action of nitrates in treating angina?

A

Converted to nitric oxide in blood vessels, promoting vasodilation.

42
Q

What are the effects of systemic vasodilation caused by nitrates?

A

Decreases myocardial oxygen demand and venous return.

43
Q

What is the role of thrombolytic agents in angina management?

A

Increase myocardial oxygen supply by dissolving blood clots.

44
Q

How do antiplatelet agents help in managing ischemic heart disease?

A

Prevent blood clot formation, increasing blood flow to the heart.

45
Q

What is the role of anticoagulants in cardiovascular treatment?

A

Prevent blood clots, ensuring a smoother blood flow to the heart.

46
Q

What should be avoided to prevent nitrate tolerance?

A

Excessive use over time; nitrate-free intervals of 8-10 hours are recommended.

47
Q

What are the therapeutic considerations for patients with heart failure?

A

Avoid progression of HF, recognize signs of acute CHF, and be aware of digitalis toxicity.

48
Q

How do ACE inhibitors help in CHF management?

A

Reduce cardiac workload by causing vasodilation.

49
Q

What are the goals of using oxygen in CHF patients?

A

Reduce anxiety and improve symptoms by increasing oxygen supply.

50
Q

What are the key benefits of digitalis for CHF patients?

A

Improves cardiac pumping ability and stabilizes heart rate.

51
Q

Extra Question 1

A

Extra Answer 1

52
Q

Extra Question 2

A

Extra Answer 2

53
Q

Extra Question 3

A

Extra Answer 3

54
Q

Extra Question 4

A

Extra Answer 4

DPT 753 - Pharmacology (16 decks)

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