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DPT 753 - Pharmacology > Infection Pharm > Flashcards

Infection Pharm Flashcards

1
Q

Types of microorganisms

A

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, helminths (worms).

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2
Q

Body’s natural defense mechanisms

A

Immune response, physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes), chemical barriers (stomach acid, enzymes).

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3
Q

Need for pharmacological intervention

A

When natural defense mechanisms fail, medications are needed to resolve infection and promote recovery.

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4
Q

Basics of bacteria

A

Single-celled microorganisms with basic organelles for protein synthesis and metabolism.

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5
Q

Pathogenic effects of bacteria

A

Multiply and compete for nutrients, release toxic substances, increased concern for immunocompromised individuals.

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6
Q

Nomenclature/classification of bacteria

A

Named based on genus and species (e.g., E. Coli, Streptococcus pyogens).

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7
Q

Narrow spectrum vs. broad spectrum activity

A

Narrow spectrum: specific to one type of bacteria. Broad spectrum: effective against many types of bacteria.

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8
Q

Bactericidal vs. bacteriostatic activity

A

Bactericidal: kill or destroy bacteria. Bacteriostatic: limit growth and proliferation.

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9
Q

Inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis

A

Drugs impair production of bacterial cell walls, leading to bacterial death.

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10
Q

Inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis

A

Drugs block protein synthesis by binding to bacterial ribosomes, leading to stunted growth or death.

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11
Q

Inhibition of bacterial DNA/RNA function

A

Drugs block replication of genetic material, impairing bacterial cell function.

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12
Q

Penicillins

A

First antibiotic, includes narrow spectrum (penicillin) and broader spectrum (amoxicillin, ampicillin).

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13
Q

Cephalosporins

A

Beta-lactam antibiotics similar to penicillins, classified into four generations.

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14
Q

Carbapenems

A

Broader spectrum antibiotics with different chemical makeup, treat a variety of bacteria.

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15
Q

Bacitracin

A

Broad range antibacterial, applied topically for superficial skin wounds.

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16
Q

Colistin

A

Treats local infections of external auditory canal.

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17
Q

Cycloserine

A

Used as an adjunct in tuberculosis treatment.

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18
Q

Ethambutol (Myambutol)

A

Primarily treats tuberculosis.

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19
Q

Fosfomycin (Monurol)

A

Treats urinary tract infections caused by susceptible microorganisms.

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20
Q

Polymyxin B

A

Treats local superficial infections of skin, eyes, and mucous membranes.

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21
Q

Vancomycin

A

Alternative to penicillins for treating various infections.

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22
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

Includes streptomycin, gentamicin, neomycin; adverse effects include toxicity risks.

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23
Q

Macrolide antibiotics

A

Includes erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin; broad spectrum activity with anti-inflammatory effects.

24
Q

Tetracyclines

A

Broad spectrum activity, effective against E. Coli, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Staphylococcus, and wound infections.

25
Q

Chloramphenicol (Chloromycetin)

A

Treats serious infections like typhoid fever, osteomyelitis, and meningitis.

26
Q

Clindamycin and Lincomycin

A

Alternative drugs for local and systemic infections when penicillin or erythromycin cannot be tolerated.

27
Q

Ethionamide

A

Secondary agent for tuberculosis.

28
Q

Linezolid (Zyvox)

A

Treats pneumonia and other skin/soft tissue infections.

29
Q

Quinupristin and Dalfopristin (Synercid)

A

IV infusion for staphylococci.

30
Q

Telithromycin (Ketek)

A

Similar to erythromycin, used when strains are resistant to other agents.

31
Q

Fluoroquinolones

A

Includes ciprofloxacin (Cipro), levofloxacin (Levaquin); treats UTIs, GI infections, respiratory infections, osteomyelitis, STDs.

32
Q

Clofazamine (Lamprene) & Dapsone (Avlosulfon)

A

Treatment of leprosy.

33
Q

Mupirocin (Bactroban)

A

Treats skin infections, manages nasal infections through nasal spray.

34
Q

Sulfonamides

A

Includes sulfadiazine, sulfisoxazole; treats urinary tract infections.

35
Q

Trimethoprim

A

Includes prloprim, trimpex; treats urinary tract infections.

36
Q

Nitrofurantoin

A

Includes furadantin, macrodantin; treats urinary tract infections.

37
Q

General adverse effect awareness

A

Hypersensitivity reactions, GI problems, tendinopathy (fluoroquinolones).

38
Q

Infection prevention

A

Hand hygiene, PPE when indicated, awareness of antibiotic resistance.

39
Q

Viral structure and function

A

Nucleic acid core and protein shell, rely on host cell metabolic processes to function.

40
Q

DNA/RNA virus classification

A

Classified based on type of genetic material (DNA or RNA).

41
Q

Viral replication process

A

Adsorption, penetration and uncoating, biosynthesis, maturation and release.

42
Q

Common antiviral drugs

A

Oseltamivir (Tamiflu), amantadine (Symmetrel), rimantadine (Flumadine), zanamivir (Relenza).

43
Q

HIV treatment - Protease inhibitors

A

Inhibit HIV protease enzyme, common agents: atazanavir, lopinavir, tipranavir.

44
Q

HIV treatment - Reverse transcriptase inhibitors

A

Inhibit replication and proliferation of HIV-1, common agents: zidovudine, abacavir, emtricitabine.

45
Q

Vaccines - Mechanism of action

A

Stimulate endogenous production of immune functions, induce immune system to generate virus-specific antibodies.

46
Q

Common vaccines

A

Prevent serious viral infections, prevent spread of virus, administered prior to potential exposure in high-risk groups.

47
Q

Rehabilitation considerations for antiviral drugs

A

Common adverse effects include skin irritation, headaches, dizziness, GI problems, managing symptoms of viral infections.

48
Q

Types of parasitic species

A

Fungi, protozoa, helminths (worms).

49
Q

Systemic vs. topical antifungal agents

A

Systemic agents treat common fungal infections in various tissues, topical agents are more toxic.

50
Q

Common antifungal drugs

A

Includes amphotericin B, fluconazole, flucytosine, griseofulvin, itraconazole, ketoconazole, echinocandins, terbinafine, voriconazole.

51
Q

Common diseases treated by antiprotozoal agents

A

Malaria, pneumocystis pneumonia, intestinal infections, diarrhea (giardia).

52
Q

Common antiprotozoal drugs

A

Includes chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, mefloquine, primaquine, quinine, pyrimethamine.

53
Q

Types of worms treated by anthelmintic agents

A

Tapeworms, roundworms, flukes.

54
Q

Common anthelmintic drugs

A

Includes albendazole, diethylcarbamazine, ivermectin, mebendazole, praziquantel, pyrantel pamoate, thiabendazole.

55
Q

Proper application of topical agents

A

Ensure patients take medications as prescribed and properly apply topical agents, educate on preventing transmission.

DPT 753 - Pharmacology (16 decks)

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