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DPT 753 - Pharmacology > Cardiovascular Pharmacology > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Activated during stress, increases cardiac output, decreases visceral blood flow, increases cellular metabolism, more diffuse reactions.

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2
Q

What are the main functions of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Slows down the heart, encourages inactivity, increases intestinal digestion and absorption, stores energy for future needs, more focused on specific organs.

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3
Q

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh).

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4
Q

Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Norepinephrine (NE).

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5
Q

What are the main types of adrenergic receptors?

A

Alpha and beta receptors.

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6
Q

What are the main types of cholinergic receptors?

A

Muscarinic and nicotinic receptors.

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7
Q

How do beta-blockers work?

Side effects = ?

A

They compete with epinephrine and norepinephrine for beta-receptor binding sites, reducing heart rate and contractility.

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8
Q

What are common side effects of beta-blockers?

A

Fatigue, depression, sleep disturbances, bronchoconstriction, hypotension, dizziness.

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9
Q

What is the mechanism of action for ACE inhibitors?

A

They inhibit the enzyme that converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, reducing blood pressure.

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10
Q

Name three common ACE inhibitors.

A

Captopril, Enalapril, Lisinopril.

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11
Q

What is the baroreceptor reflex?

A

A reflex mechanism that helps maintain stable blood pressure levels by adjusting heart rate and vascular resistance.

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12
Q

What are the effects of the baroreceptor reflex on blood pressure?

A

Increases in sympathetic discharge increase heart rate and peripheral resistance, while decreases in sympathetic discharge reduce them..

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13
Q

How do diuretics help manage hypertension?

A

They increase the excretion of sodium and water, reducing plasma volume and blood pressure.

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14
Q

What are the main types of diuretics?

A

Thiazide, loop, and potassium-sparing diuretics.

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15
Q

What is the primary action of loop diuretics?

A

Inhibit sodium and chloride reabsorption in the loop of Henle, leading to increased urine output.

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16
Q

Name two common loop diuretics.

A

Furosemide (Lasix), Torsemide (Demadex).

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17
Q

What is the primary action of thiazide diuretics?

A

Inhibit sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule of the nephron.

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18
Q

Name two common thiazide diuretics.

A

Hydrochlorothiazide, Chlorothiazide.

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19
Q

What is the primary action of potassium-sparing diuretics?

A

Prevent potassium secretion in the distal tubule, leading to increased sodium and water excretion.

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20
Q

Name two common potassium-sparing diuretics.

A

Spironolactone (Aldactone), Triamterene (Dyrenium).

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21
Q

What are sympatholytics and how do they work?

A

They inhibit the function of the sympathetic nervous system, reducing blood pressure.

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22
Q

What are the primary uses of sympatholytics?

A

Treatment of hypertension and heart failure.

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23
Q

What is the mechanism of action for vasodilators?

A

They inhibit the contraction of vascular smooth muscle, leading to vasodilation.

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24
Q

Name two common vasodilators.

A

Hydralazine, Minoxidil.

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25
Q

What are common side effects of vasodilators?

A

Dizziness, orthostatic hypotension, headache, fluid retention.

26
Q

What is the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?

A

A hormone system that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.

27
Q

How do ACE inhibitors affect the RAAS?

A

They suppress the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, reducing blood pressure.

28
Q

What are ARBs and how do they differ from ACE inhibitors?

A

Angiotensin II receptor blockers prevent angiotensin II from binding to its receptors, unlike ACE inhibitors which prevent its formation.

29
Q

Name two common ARBs.

A

Losartan, Valsartan.

30
Q

What are common side effects of ARBs?

A

Generally well tolerated, but can cause dizziness, hyperkalemia, and renal impairment.

31
Q

What are calcium channel blockers and how do they work?

A

They inhibit calcium influx into smooth muscle cells, leading to relaxation and vasodilation.

32
Q

Name two common calcium channel blockers.

A

Amlodipine, Diltiazem.

33
Q

What are common side effects of calcium channel blockers?

A

Flushing, dizziness, headache, edema, constipation.

34
Q

What is the role of autonomic reflexes in homeostasis?

A

They help maintain stable internal conditions by adjusting autonomic output.

35
Q

How can drugs alter autonomic reflexes?

A

By influencing the integration of autonomic responses in the central nervous system.

36
Q

What are cholinergic stimulants and how do they work?

A

Drugs that increase activity at acetylcholine synapses by directly binding to receptors or inhibiting acetylcholine breakdown.

37
Q

Name two cholinergic stimulants.

A

Methacholine, Donepezil.

38
Q

What are anticholinergic drugs and how do they work?

A

Drugs that reduce activity at acetylcholine synapses, primarily affecting the parasympathetic nervous system.

39
Q

Name two common anticholinergic drugs.

A

Atropine, Ipratropium.

40
Q

What are adrenergic agonists and how do they work?

A

Drugs that mimic the effects of sympathetic neurotransmitters, increasing heart rate and contraction strength.

41
Q

Name two adrenergic agonists.

A

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine.

42
Q

What are adrenergic antagonists and how do they work?

A

Drugs that block sympathetic neurotransmitter effects, reducing heart rate and contraction strength.

43
Q

Name two adrenergic antagonists.

A

Propranolol, Atenolol.

44
Q

What are antiarrhythmic agents and how do they work?

A

Drugs used to treat abnormal heart rhythms by modifying the electrical activity of the heart.

45
Q

Name the four classes of antiarrhythmic agents.

A

Class I (Sodium blockers), Class II (Beta-blockers), Class III (Potassium blockers), Class IV (Calcium blockers).

46
Q

What are anticoagulants and how do they work?

A

Drugs that prevent blood clot formation by inhibiting thrombin.

47
Q

Name two common anticoagulants.

A

Heparin, Warfarin.

48
Q

What are antiplatelet agents and how do they work?

A

Drugs that prevent platelet aggregation and thrombus formation.

49
Q

Name two common antiplatelet agents.

A

Aspirin, Clopidogrel.

50
Q

What are thrombolytic agents and how do they work?

A

Drugs that dissolve existing blood clots by converting plasminogen to plasmin.

51
Q

Name two common thrombolytic agents.

A

Alteplase, Tenecteplase.

52
Q

What are statins and how do they work?

A

Drugs that inhibit cholesterol synthesis in the liver, reducing LDL levels.

53
Q

Name two common statins.

A

Atorvastatin, Simvastatin.

54
Q

What are common side effects of statins?

A

Muscle pain, liver damage, digestive problems.

55
Q

What medication do you think are used as the first-line agent for most asthma patients?

  • B-Blockers
  • Glucocorticoids
  • SABA
  • Antihistamines
A

Glucocorticoids

56
Q

What medication do you think are primarily used for COPD patients?

  • Bronchodilators
  • Antitussives
  • Anticholinergics
  • Leukotriene Inhibitors
A
  • Bronchodilators
  • Anticholinergics
57
Q

Which COPD condition would primarily benefit from Glucocorticoids?

  • Chronic Bronchitis
  • Emphysema
A
  • Chronic Bronchitis
58
Q

What medication do you think is the primary used medication to manage acute, stable angina pain?

  • B-Blockers
  • Diuretics
  • ACE inhibitors
  • Nitroglycerin
A
  • Nitroglycerin
59
Q

When should you call EMS for a patient taking nitroglycerin?

  • After they take 1 tablet with no effect
  • You should immediately call EMS
  • After they take 3 tablets with no effect
  • After they take 2 tablets with no effect
A
  • After they take 2 tablets with no effect
60
Q

Which medication do you think is the first line of defense for the treatment of CHF?

  • Oxygen
  • Anti-ischemic Meds
  • Digitalis
  • Antianxiety medication
A
  • Digitalis
61
Q

What medications are not used to decrease cardiac workload?

  • ACE inhibitors
  • Anticholinergics
  • Diuretics
  • B-Blockers
A

Anticholinergics

DPT 753 - Pharmacology (16 decks)

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