Superpowers Set 5 Flashcards
What is unilateral intervention
- One sided action - one country or group of countries act against another without formal UN approval
Examples of Unilateral intervention
- 1982 - -UK at war with Argentina over the Falkland islands - UN security council passed resolution 502 condemning Argentina’s invasion
- US and UK forces invaded Afghanistan in 2001 and 2003 - This was opposed by the UN secretary general
Failed state
Country whose Gov has lost political control and is unable to fulfil the basic responsibilities of a sovereign state
War on terror
Ongoing campaign by the USA and allies to counter international terrorism, initiated by al-Qaeda’s 9/11 attack
Why was there unilateral intervention in Russia in 2014
- Russian backed forces seized control of the Crimea region of Ukraine
- EU,USA,Australia, Canada and Norway were involved in the decision for unilateral intervention
- 23 Russian politicians targeted with assets frozen and Russian banks excluded from raising long-term loans in the EU
Was unilateral intervention in Russia Successful
- Russian economy only grew 1.3%
- Russian banks find it much harder to access US and EU loans
Was unilateral intervention in Russia Unsuccessful
- EU carried on importing Russian energy supplies
- Russia became less dependent on oil and gas exports and was able to diversify it’s economy
Free trade area
- No internal trade barriers
- Members retain their own currencies
- e.g. USMCA (NAFTA)
Customs union
- No internal trade barriers
- Common external tariffs
- e.g. EU
Single market
- No internal trade barriers
- Free movement of labour and common external tariffs
- Common currency e.g. the Euro
- e.g. EU
Political union
- Total unity - individual nations fuse as one - national boundaries disappear
- Freedom of movement of goods and services
- Common economic and defence policies
e.g. EU?!
Centripetal forces
- Forces which DRAW people, organisations or countries together
- e.g. Introduction of the EU
Centrifugal forces
- Forces which DRIVE people, organisations or countries apart
- e.g. UK’s vote to leave the EU
Montreal protocol - Ozone depleting substances
- e.g. CFC’s and Halons etc
- Cause an increase in the amount of harmful UV radiation - can cause skin Cancer etc
- Created a hole in the ozone layer over Antarctica
When was the Montreal protocol signed
1987
What did the Montreal protocol stipulate
- Production and consumption of Ozone depleting substances must be phased out by 2000
Why was the Montreal protocol a success
- Substitutes for CFC’s already available
- Seen as a widespread and immediate problem - became the 1st global treaty to reach 197 signatures
- Virtually completed by 2010
UNCLOS
- Defines rights and responsibilities of nations in using the worlds oceans - provides guidelines for managing maritime resources
– SUCCESSES – - Creation of high seas treaty which protects ocean life in international waters
– WEAKNESSES – - Some significant parties are not members of the convention e.g. the USA
CITES
- Aims to ensure that international trade in wild animal and plant specimens does not threaten their survival
– SUCCESSES – - 35,000 species of animals and plants now protected
– WEAKNESSES – - Took 12 years of negotiations to agree and inspection of goods across borders is expensive
UN water intervention
- Aims to protect the quantity, quality and sustainable use of trans-boundary water resources
– WEAKNESSES – - Helsinki rules do not address independent aquifers, bit only those connected to a river
Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
- Assess consequences of ecosystem change and actions needed to conserve and use ecosystems sustainably
– SUCCESSES – - Identified human actions are depleting earth’s natural capital, putting a strain on the environment
– WEAKNESSES – - Changes in policy and practice required are substantial and not currently underway
Factors that reinforce nationalism
- Education
- Sport / Culture
- Politics / Governance
US national identity
Identity in rights and freedom granted to them e.g. 1st Amendments guarantee of freedom of speech
French national identity
- Relies on shared belief of importance of freedom
- Banned wearing the Burqa in 2009 - saw it as representing the oppression of women
UK national identity
- Magna carta is seen as the foundation of British law
- country is changing - very different from 100 years ago
The English Countryside
- Important national myths have string associations with a rural place e.g. Arthurian legends
- Iconic English classic music strongly linked to the countryside
- Rural landscape paintings portray nice places to visit - used by the gov. during WWII to foster patriotic feelings
How British is Britain
- Only 15% class themselves as only British
- over 60% of Scotland, England and Wales identify themselves as only English Scottish or Welsh
- Generation least likely to identify as British is those who lived through the war as they saw the loss of the British empire
- Top 5 areas for British identity are in London
Changes in religious beliefs in Britain
- Was widespread - high levels of catholic or Anglican church attendance
- Now largely non-religious although some minority faiths are prospering
Changes in food in Britain
- Was locally sourced - native herbs preferred to foreign spices
- Now global - foreign spices sued in cooking etc
Changes in Britain’s identity
- Was a strong sense of local identity - regional dialects were strong - very patriotic
- Now many less willing to fight for the country - people see themselves as global citizens
Changes in Britain’s roots of Vocabulary
- Was Celtic, Roman and Greek etc
- Now Additional Indian, Jamaican and American influences
UK car industry
- Declined in 70s and 80s due to rising costs and competition in Germany and Japan
- Land Rovers owned by Indian Tata motors
- Mini is assembled using parts from other EU countries
- Rolls Royce remains manufactured in West Sussex
How has a foreign takeover influenced tax revenue in the UK
Italian owner of Boots the chemist moved headquarters from UK to low tax Switzerland - Tax dropped from £89 million to £9 million
PDO and PGI
- PDO = Protected designation of Origin
- PGI = Protected Geographical Indication
- These products originating from specific locations
– Examples – - Cornish Pastie
- Jersey royal potatoes
Companies that contribute to westernisation
- Walt Disney = Display western traditions such as Christmas
- MTV = Spread American music and promotes gender equality
- Apple = Puts western celebrations onto calendars e.g. Valentines day
Western Cultures being resisted
- local Gov. in Kohat Pakistan told officers to stop shops from selling Valentines cards
Foreign owned property
- 57% of London real estate investment came from abroad in 2022 - 2/3 of the properties were registered to British tax havens
- E.g. London’s Belgrave Square has been nicknamed ‘red square’ as 27/30 houses are owned by Russians
United Fruit company
- By the 1970s it owned 50% of land in Honduras and 75% of land in Guatemala
- Benefits = built infrastructure which aided economic growth such as better transport links
- Negatives = Plantations replaced small farms, rainforests cleared to build the plantations and farms lacked biological diversity = many plantations affected by disease which led to them getting shut down and thus a loss of jobs
