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Human Geography > Superpowers Set 3 > Flashcards

Superpowers Set 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Intellectual property rights

A
  • Est 1967
  • Ensures new inventions or trademarks etc can be protected from use by others
  • Criticised as the holders don’t have to make the product available which can be bad in medicine etc
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2
Q

Infringements on IP

A
  • Counterfeit goods make up 10% of global trade - results in 100s of thousands of jobs lost
  • Costs G20 nations $85 billion a year
  • China didn’t sign the 2011 anti-counterfeit trade agreement
  • 70% of all fake goods from China
  • 22 fake apples stores in China in 2011
  • 72,000 jobs lost in the UK
  • 99% fake iPhone chargers are unsafe
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3
Q

How much did China invest into Africa

A

$84 billion between 2000-2014

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4
Q

Reasons for Chinese investment into Africa

A
  • Secure raw materials for Chinese industry - 1/3 of China’s investment in mining
  • To develop African countries as a market for Chinese products
  • To increase China’s global political influence
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5
Q

Challenges of China’s intervention in Africa

A
  • Chinese workers take 200,000 African jobs in 2014
  • Few long-term jobs in mining etc
  • Cheap Chinese products undercut local suppliers
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6
Q

Positives of Chinas intervention in Africa

A
  • Invested heavily in transport links
  • Funded HEP products which produce 6780MW of electricity to the continent
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7
Q

Environmental impacts of China’s intervention into Africa

A
  • Illegal deforestation in Mozambique
  • Oil spills in Chad and Angola
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8
Q

Evolution of earths economic centre of gravity

A

Was initially in Asia before shifting to Europe - after 1950 it began to return to Asia - Now back in central Asia

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9
Q

China’s belt and road imitative

A
  • secures access to trade routes and increases political influence
  • Aims to connect China to USA and Europe
    — Infrastructure projects —
  • $3.1 billion oil pipeline in Malaysia
  • Eastern Ethiopian industrial zone
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10
Q

How has Chinas belt and road initiative increase China’s influence

A
  • created financial partnerships
  • Italy has been the 1st western nation to join
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11
Q

why is the maritime silk road crucial to the imitative

A
  • Land routes have limited potential for large-scale transport
  • China claims 80% of the south China sea
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12
Q

Debt trap diplomacy

A
  • creating debt through excessively lending in order to extract concessions
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13
Q

Reasons for conflict in the middle east - Religion

A

Islam is the main religion - two main branches of the religion with Saudi Arabia being one and Iran being the other

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14
Q

Reason for conflict in the middle east - Resources

A

Some countries here are global energy superpowers due to huge oil and gas reserves - many foreign nations such as the UK are dependent on oil from the middle east - more use of renewables = less involvement in the middle east

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15
Q

Reason for conflict in the middle east - History

A

Borders drawn by colonial powers and don’t reflect the geography of religious groups etc

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16
Q

Arb spring

A

2011 uprising - pro democracy and human rights - affected most of the middle east with some governments being overthrown

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17
Q

What is a proxy war

A

wars instigated by a power which mat not get directly involved in the conflict

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18
Q

The middle Easts cold war

A
  • Saudi Arabia and Iran both enemies but never fight directly
  • 1979 Iranian revolution replaced the gov with Muslim leaders - Saudi Arabia feared this would happen to them to
  • Iran help groups in Iran and Saudi who aim to overthrow the government
  • Saudi Arabia helped Iraq when it was fighting Iran
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19
Q

Challenges for Superpowers - The EU

A
  • $10 Trillion in debt in 2019
  • Youth unemployment at 15%
  • Energy security has become a key issue
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20
Q

Challenges for Superpowers - USA

A
  • $24.95 Trillion in debt
  • Race relations are strained e.g. BLM in 2020
  • 2/3 of adults are overweight
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21
Q

Debt crisis of 2007/08

A
  • Caused by sub-prime lending by US banks to low income earners who could never normally afford mortgages
  • US investment bank collapsed as a result
  • Lloyd’s bank had to be bailed out by government money and the Royal bank of Scotland had to be nationalised
22
Q

Naval power

A
  • UK spent 4% GDP on defence during the Falklands war 1982
23
Q

Nuclear weapons

A

UK updated Trident nuclear deterrent which will cost $250 billion over 50 years

24
Q

Air power

A

USA have 3318 aircraft

25
Intelligence services
Budgets increased after 9/11
26
Space exploration
USA spend $17.6 billion annually
27
Possible scenarios by 2030
- US hegemony - US dominates - Regional mosaic - Emerging powers grow as EU and USA decline - world with lot's of equal powers - New cold war - China becomes equal to USA - Asian century - Power shifts to emerging powers ed by China
28
IN which predictions does China have the greatest GDP growth
Centre for economics and business research
29
Centripetal migration
Movement of people directed towards the centre of urban areas
30
Migration patterns in China
open door policies in 1978 which allowed China to embrace globalisation - Urban migrants move from Qinghai Provence in the West to costal cities such as Beijing - Rural migrants moving from Guizhou in the South to smaller cities in Central China - 400 million people moved to cities in 30 years
31
What is an urban Hukou - China
rural migrants moving into larger cities - these are legal migrants who have applied to move within the country
32
Pros of Chinese migration
- Few sums = successful controlling of the rapid pop increase - Urban unemployment low at 3%
33
Cons of Chinese migaration
- Energy intensity consumption is 7 times higher than Japan - Income gap between villages and cities is very wide
34
EU Schengen agreement
- Elimination of borders within Europe - took effect in 1995 with 22 countries involved
35
Which EU countries have the highest pop's born in other EU states
- Germany = 3.3 million - Spain = 2.3 million - UK = 2.3 million
36
Pros of the Schengen agreement
- Everyone has same identity = more cohesive - Easier movement of goods and people which filled job gaps
37
Cons of the Schengen agreement
- Not everyone involved - e.g. UK - Illegal migrants can move freely throughout the nation - led to far right movements in Germany etc
38
Terrorism threatens Schengen agreement
- Sept 2015 a number of nations e.g. Germany and Norway reimposed border checks due to... - 2015 Paris attacks - 2016 Nice truck explosion - 2017 Barcelona attacks
39
Australia's migration policies
- Point's system for economic migrants - 2013, ONLY 190,000 migrants granted access to AUS - Known as the 'white Australia policy'
40
Japan migration policy
- Nationality laws make it hard for foreigners to get in - less than 2% of the Pop is foreign - Facing an ageing pop with 3 workers per two retirees by 2060
41
Neoclassic economic theory
Wage differences, which cause migration flows from low wage to high wage areas
42
World systems theory
Former colonies stay reliant on their former colonial superpower
43
How have tensions risen within the EU with it's neighbors
- right wing parties e.g. Frances national front are becoming popular - Huge numbers of refugees have caused tensions within the EU
44
Identity
A sense of nation as a cohesive whole, represented by distinctive traditions, culture and language
45
Sovereignty
Ability of a place to self-govern without any outside interference
46
UK's ethnic composition
From 2011-2021 the no. of residents from ethnic backgrounds has risen by 1.7%
47
Ethnicity
Shared identity of an ethnic group, which can be based on cultural traits
48
Assimilation
adoption of cultural traits belonging to the host country
49
Segregated groups in the UK
-- Highly segregated -- - Bangladeshi and Pakistani -- Lowly segregated -- - Irish and Chinese - Some are segregated a religion and diets force them to live in certain areas
50
Assimilation in the Germany

Human Geography (11 decks)

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