Migration, Identity and Sovereignty - Set 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Homogenous culture
A
Very little cultural or ethnic diversity among it’s citizens
2
Q
Nations - mot fully sovereign states
A
- Scottish and Welsh parliament’s = lack full control
- Greenland and Hong Kong = dependent territories
3
Q
Cultural homogeneity in Iceland
A
- Hundred of kilometres from the nearest neighbour
- McDonald’s left Iceland as High prices deterred customers
- All children’s names must come from an approved list
– Iceland’s culture is diverse – - 30,000 tourists daily
4
Q
Culture Heterogeneity in Singapore
A
- Made a free post = no taxes collected which led to lot’s of inward migration
- Fastest growing Asian economy = more inward migration
- very diverse culture = residents idea of national identity contradict that of the government
5
Q
Impacts of Empire disintegration and new nation states
A
- Spread of nationalism across Africa
- African nations needed substitute for financial aid from the west
- Locals not prepared for independence
6
Q
Post colonial conflict
A
- Darfur civil war began in 2003 - Sudan’s Gov accused of oppressing non-Arab Sudanese in favour of Sudanese Arabs - Gov had been ordering attacks on civilians
- 206 peace decree failed
7
Q
Impacts of the Darfur conflict
A
- 300,000 killed and 3 million displaced
- Difficult to deploy UN troops due to lack of infrastructure
- Water supplies deliberately contaminated
8
Q
How did so many move from the common wealth to the UK
A
1948 British nationality act
9
Q
Patterns of migration following the Windrush generation
A
- Skilled workers e.g. doctors came from India and less skilled workers attracted to manufacturing and textile industries
10
Q
Which areas attracted the most post-colonial migrants
A
- Lancashire and Yorkshire had textile industry’s
- London attracted the most migrants due to wider availability of work
11
Q
Colonial legacies
A
- British etc architecture remains in Africa
- English remains national language of Uganda
12
Q
Taiwan - unrecognised state
A
- Chinese nationalist party fled to Taiwan in 1949 after the Communist party took control
- China claims Taiwan is historically Chinese
- only 13 countries recognise Taiwan as a state
13
Q
Impacts of the lack of recognition of Taiwan as a nation state
A
- China could threaten US military bases in Guam and Hawaii
- US house speaker visited Taiwan in 2022 - led to military exercises by China
- Taiwan’s economy provides most of the worlds electronic equipment
- 65% of the Pop identify as Taiwanese
14
Q
Conflicts on borders - Russia and Ukraine
A
- 54% of Crimea’s pop is Russian
- 850,000 Ukrainians have fled Crimea as a result of Russian occupation
15
Q
The British Raj in India
A
- Britain’s control over India made it overtake France and Spain as superpowers
- Ghandi helped turn international opinion against the British ( especially in the USA)
16
Q
How has nationalism shaped India
A
- Gained components of British identity e.g. Cricket and language
- Home to many cultures although Hindu nationalism is growing
17
Q
Nationalism
A
Growing expression of identity - sense of belonging to a group or community
18
Q
K2 Tax scheme
A
Offshore wealth management scheme in which salaries of UK individuals were channelled though shell corporations
19
Q
Corporate profit shifting
A
- TNC change it’s corporate identity and relocates headquarters to a different where it registers it’s profits
20
Q
Tax avoidance
A
Uses legal loopholes to legally reduce the amount of tax you have to pay
21
Q
Tax evasion
A
Illegally not paying taxes you owe
22
Q
Tax havens explanation
A
- 8% of world’s wealth in tax havens
- Cost world’s Gov’s $700 billion in lost tax annually
- Countries which offer citizens and businesses lower rates of tax e.g. Bermuda, Jersey and Monaco
23
Q
Why do countries want to become tax havens
A
- Generally small economies which lack industry etc - Being a tax have brings in lot’s of money for the country
24
Q
What is wrong with avoiding tax
A
- Tax havens can cause political and economic instability and corruption
- Companies are avoiding paying taxes in the country that enabled them to gain their wealth in the first place
25
Tax haven Stakeholder views - Government ministers
- Linked with money laundering and illegal activities which can damage the global economy e.g. 2007/08 financial crash
- Investment into services will reduce
26
United nations - First IGO
- Aims to maintain international peace and security
- Acts as a form of global governance
27
UN general assembly
- Decides admission of members
28
UN secretariat
Supports the other UN bodies
29
International Court of Justice
- Decides disputes between states that recognise it's jurisdiction
30
UN security council
Responsible for maintenance of international peace and security
31
UN economic and social council
Responsible for co-operation between states
32
UN trusteeship council
- Originally designed to manage colonial possessions that were former league of nations Mandates - Has been inactive since 1994
33
UN organisations - Food and agriculture
- Aim to achieve food security for all
- July - Dec 2020, provided assistance to 1.8 million Somalians
34
UN organisations - United nations high Commissioner for refugees
- Ensures everyone has right to seek asylum
- 1300 Tanzanians in refugee camps involved in vegetable production - aims to diversify diets
35
UN organisations - UNESCO
- United nations Educational, Scientific and cultural organisation - Build peace through international cooperation in Education science and culture
- Preserves 1073 heritage sites e.g. Stonehenge and great barrier reef
36
UN organisations - UNICEF
- wants to build a better future for every child
- Vaccinated 4 million against Polio
37
UN organisations - World health organisation
- Promote health and secure vegetables
- Only 175 cases of Polio in 2019
38
UN organisations - World food programme
- Want a world with Zero hunger
- Provides 300,000 school meals in Haiti
39
UN organisations - International court of justice
- Based in Netherlands - Settles disputes between states in accordance with international law
- Dispute between Kenya and Somalia over maritime borders
40
Elephant chart
-Depicts changes in income distribution over time
-- SHOWS --
- Worlds lowest owners have been left behind
- Global middle class has risen rapidly as developing nations become emerging ones
- Global upper class has stagnated
- Global elite enjoy massive income growth
41
The pink tide
- Name given as more 'new left' governments started to be voted in across South America around 2010
42
Background info on Evo Morales
- 2006-2019
- Promised to govern in favour of Bolivia's Indigenous majority
- Against TNC's as he believed Profits would leak out of the country
43
Evo Morales was successful in combatting Bolivia's inequalities
- Nationalised oil and gas industries
- Poverty reduced by 25%
- Increased gas connections by 835%
44
Evo Morales was NOT successful in combatting Bolivia's inequalities
- Cut ties with the USA
- Country remains one of poorest in South America
- Criticised for unequal distribution of wealth
45
How does the UN intervene
- Arms embargos - Banning weapons
- Trade embargos - Banning specific import items
- Restriction on loans
- Freezing assets
- Trave restrictions
46
UN intervention in the DRC
- Hutsi and Tutsi rebels clashed in 2003 - 250,000 fled in 2008
-- PROS --
- 1st democratic elections in 40 years
-- CONS --
- Still frequent attacks by the ADF Islamic military group
- UN accused of not stopping rape of 150 women
47
What are SAP's
- If a country couldn't pay loans then they would have to 'earn more and spend less' - IMF would then reorganise the loans
- Includes devaluing the currency and reducing the role of the government
48
What are HIPC's
- Aims to reduce debt's by partially writing them off in return for SAP's
- Debt's of 36 countries written off in 2005 which cost $40 billion - countries had to spread savings on poverty reduction and education etc
49
Jamaica's Structural adjustment programme
- 1970s Jamaica built up debts paying for social programmes - interest rates soared in the 1980s
- IMF imposed SAP's in return for the loans - The gov. had to bring in higher taxes and devalue the currency
50
Impacts of Jamaica's SAP programme
- People couldn't afford food and clothing
- Debt's grew to 180% of the GDP
- Riots broke out in 1985
