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geog paper 2 > superpowers EQ1 > Flashcards

superpowers EQ1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a superpower?

A

A nation that has the ability to project its influence around the world

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2
Q

Pillars of superpower status?

A
  • economic
  • political
  • military
  • cultural
  • access to resources
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3
Q

Hard power?

A

use of military force and direct political intervention

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4
Q

Soft power?

A

persuasion aligned with particular ideologies

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5
Q

Sharp power?

A

manipulation of political decision making

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6
Q

MACKINDERS HEARTLAND THEORY

A

whoever controlled the heartland would be the next big superpower
controlling the world island would lead to control of the world (periphery islands etc)
GEOSTRATEGIC LOCATION - large amount of physical and human resources

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7
Q

Colonialism?

A

type of imperialism - acquiring political control over another country, occupying with settlers and exploiting economically

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8
Q

Multi-polar world example?

A

EUROPEAN IMPERIALISM

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9
Q

Bi-polar world example?

A

Post WWII, cold war era
USA AND USSR

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10
Q

Iron Curtain?

A

Eastern European states that Russia held political sway over

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11
Q

What agreements kept peace during Cold War?

A

NATO and Warsaw Pact

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12
Q

Uni-polar world example?

A

USA 1990s - collapse of Soviet Union

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13
Q

What is the World Systems Theory?

A

Three tiers: periphery, semi-periphery and core countries, all depend on each other. Countries can move between tiers

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14
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of the World Systems Theory?

A

STRENGTHS: shows dependency between core and periphery countries
WEAKNESSES: does not take into account internal factors such as poor leadership, no clear dividing line between categories

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15
Q

What is the Modernisation Theory?

A

Countries economies grow in five stages, each stage achieved through free-trade, capitalism and democracy

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16
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of Modernisation Theory?

A

STRENGTHS: allows development to be easily seen/ measured, development of a country can be easily illustrated and presented
WEAKNESSES: does not acknowledge development through use of loans, outdated as countries like India and China skipped some stages

17
Q

Neo-colonialism?

A

A form of INDIRECT CONTROL
Rich former colonial powers control the world economy in a way that they benefit and poor former colonies lose out :(

18
Q

What is the Dependency Theory?

A

World has a developed core and underdeveloped periphery. Core exploits cheap resources in the periphery, keeping them underdeveloped, and the core just keep getting wealthier.

19
Q

Strengths and weaknesses of the dependency theory?

A

STRENGTHS: takes into account the differences between rich and poor, blames the imperialists
WEAKNESSES: too simple, says underdevelopment is always due to exploitation by core, China and India have developed rapidly

20
Q

Hyperpower?

A

An unchallenged superpower that is dominant in all aspects of power

21
Q

Who are the BRIC nations?

A

EMERGING SUPERPOWERS!
Brazil, Russia, India, China

22
Q

Hegemony?

A

Dominance of one state over others

23
Q

Strengths of Brazil as an emerging superpower?

A
  • important for SA regionally (50% of continents GDP)
  • energy and food secure
  • young population
  • global reputation (culturally) as a footballing nation
24
Q

Weaknesses of Brazil as an emerging superpower?

A
  • has been very politically unstable in recent years
  • insignificant + small military
  • big issues with deforestation of the Amazon
  • low fertility rates, so population may decline in future
25
Q

Strengths of Russia as an emerging superpower?

A
  • worlds 9th largest economy
  • nuclear weapons and a strong military
  • growing global influence (Trump’s election, military assistance to Nigeria and Syria)
26
Q

Weaknesses of Russia as an emerging superpower?

A
  • unequal nation (richest 1% own 71% of wealth)
  • strained relations with the EU due to annexation of Crimea/ war with Ukraine
  • military fleet is aging and unsuitable for modern times
27
Q

Strengths of China as an emerging superpower?

A
  • major player in global investment (invested into lots of African nations)
  • has the worlds largest army and nuclear weapons
  • massive population, vast labour pool
28
Q

Weaknesses of China as an emerging superpower?

A
  • many industries copy foreign ideas, so isn’t very innovative
  • rising wages in China = TNCs going to cheaper countries
  • isn’t involved in global crises or aid
  • biggest emitter of CO2
  • poorly equipped military
29
Q

Strengths of India as an emerging superpower?

A
  • use of English language attracts TNCs
  • worlds largest democracy
  • 4th largest army in terms of personnel
  • young population, large labour pool
  • cultural influence through Bollywood and food
30
Q

Weaknesses of India as an emerging superpower?

A
  • lots of government debt
  • poor relations with neighbours China and Pakistan
  • brain drain
  • home to some of the worlds largest urban slums (which also damage the environment)

geog paper 2 (9 decks)

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