migration, identity and sovereignty EQ1 Flashcards
China’s hukou system?
Restrictions to keep people who live in rural areas from the city - without a permit to live in the city, they earn less and do not have entitlement to healthcare or education
EU Schengen Agreement?
Free movement over borders of countries in the agreement
Criticisms of the Schengen Agreement?
Lack of control over who enters (security), pressure on services, brain drain, over/de population, cultural erosion
Japan’s attitude towards migration?
- Strict policy
- Ageing population expected to decline (27% aged over 65)
- Easier for high skilled workers to enter
- Difficult to assimilate as Japanese is not an international language
- Attitude of people, they think they are different/better than the rest of the world
New Zealand’s attitude towards migration?
- Only allow high skilled migrants to enter (making it more difficult for low skilled workers to get in the country)
- Measures to attract rich investors
- Want companies to train and hire people from New Zealand instead of low paid temporary migrants
Sweden’s attitude towards migration?
- Want to return migrants back to where they came from (Voluntary Return with incentives)
- Want migrants to assimilate “if receiving financial aid, learn the language”
- Had open borders but crime has increased, so no longer a welcoming country
Patterns of internal migration in the UK?
- London and the South East are hotspots for internal migration
- Scotland had the highest internal net migration
- London has the lowest internal net migration in the UK. However the population there still grows due to external migrants
Economic theory?
Economic efficiency is maximised when goods, capital and labour can move freely across international borders. This can be achieved through free trade, deregulation of financial markets and open borders.
How does economic efficiency challenge sovereignty?
Lack of government control over the economy- Power of IGOs ?
Takes away the governments ability to regulate trade and the economy.
Assimilation of Turkish migrants in German?
- Lack of effort learning the language or becoming educated is an issue with some 2nd/3rd generation migrants
- Low educational outcomes and failure to find work is costing the state
- Divisions between Germans and Turks, cultural and religious differences, and choosing not to assimilate are some barriers
What are some causes of migration?
- job opportunities
- open door policies
- war
- climate change
- natural disasters
- high crime and violence
- religious repression
How does the free movement of people challenge national identity?
- changes the social and cultural make up of areas
- creates resentment of people in the host nations (leading to some right wing extremism and anti-immigration policies)
How does the free movement of people challenge sovereignty?
- security: lack of control over who enters and leaves, can result in terrorism
- no rights in the Schengen area
- some governments are concerned over some companies spreading ideologies
- no control over tax avoidance/ resource exploitation
Consequences of migration?
HIGH INWARD - rising house prices, overcrowded schools, strained healthcare services, falling local wages (as immigrants are willing to work for less)
LARGE OUTWARD - skills shortages, aging populations
Migration into the Netherlands?
- previously encouraged immigrants to maintain there culture, but it is now seen as an obstruction into Dutch society
- migrants have to watch documentaries on Dutch culture and take an exam to show they have the same values
- anti-immigration political parties are gaining more support
