Superpowers Flashcards
A process of cultural change that takes place when two different cultures meet; it includes the transfer of a dominant culture’s ideas on to a subordinate culture
Acculturation
A series of pro-democracy, pro-human rights civil uprisings in 2011 that affected Syria, Tunisia, Libya, Egypt, Bahrain and Iran. Some governments were overthrown but, in most cases, protracted instability followed the uprisings
Arab Spring
A world with two dominant superpowers.
Bi-polar
A navy that can be deployed into Open Ocean i.e. with large ocean-going ships.
Blue water Navy
The value of a brand measured using metrics such as market share, customer opinion or brand loyalty
Brand value/ equity
An economic and political system where trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
Capitalism
A period of tension between the two superpowers of capitalist USA and communist USSR lasting from 1945 to 1990
Cold War
The acquisition of political control over a territory by another country, and the subsequent settlement of that territory
Colonialism
The ideas, customs, beliefs and behaviours of a group of people.
Culture
The progress of a developing country is influenced by economic, cultural and political forces that are controlled by developed countries
Dependency
The negotiation and decision-making that takes place between nations as part of international relations, leading to international agreements and treaties.
Diplomacy
Maintaining control through ‘hard’ power, e.g. colonialism
Direct control
Shifting from an economy based on one sector, e.g. primary or secondary, to an economy based on another sector, e.g. secondary or tertiary.
Economic restructuring
A state or organisation that is growing significantly in power and beginning to extend a more global influence.
Emerging power
The area of ocean extending 200 nautical miles beyond the coastline, over which a nation controls the sea and sub-sea resources
Exclusive economic zone (EEZ)
The exchange of goods and services free from import/export taxes and tariffs or quotas on trade volume
Free trade
Referring to the influence of geographical factors on international relations
Geopolitical
Strategy to deal with geopolitical problems.
Geostrategy
Power through force or coercion.
Hard power
Leadership or dominance, especially by one state or organisation.
Hegemony
An unchallenged superpower that is dominant in all aspects of power
Hyperpower
A set of beliefs, values and opinions held by the majority of people in a society e.g. ‘Western Values’ of free speech, individual liberty, free-market economics and consumerism.
Ideology
Maintaining control through ‘soft’ power, e.g. neo-colonialism
Indirect control
The dependence of two or more nations or organisations on each other
Interdependence
Regional or global organisations whose members are nation states. They uphold treaties and international law, as well as allowing cooperation on issues such as trade, economic policy, human rights, conservation and military operations
Intergovernmental organisations
People with “discretionary income” they can spend on consumer goods, holidays etc. The global middle class is defined as people with an annual income over $10,000.
Middle class
A neo-liberal model used to explain the growth and dominance of the British Empire and the USA that suggests sufficient investment in developing economies would stimulate industrial change
Modernisation theory
A world with a multitude of superpowers.
Multi-polar
The use of economic, political and cultural power to influence other countries
Neo-colonialism
An approach that transfers control of economic factors to the private sector away from government control, with the idea that there is an open market for trade and the economy is free of restrictive barriers and regulations
Neoliberalism
A change in diet from staple carbohydrates towards protein and fat, as we ll as more processed food
Nutrition transition
A state or organisation with a sphere of influence that tends to be continental rather than global.
Regional power
These are aimed at forcing a country to negotiate without using military force. They can be diplomatic (e.g. ordering staff at a foreign embassy home), economic (banning trade between countries) or military (e.g. banning trade in weapons).
Sanctions
Power through favour or persuasion
‘Soft’ power
The geographical area over which a powerful country can assert its authority
Sphere of influence
A state or organisation that is able to extend a dominant influence globally.
Superpower
A world with a single, dominant superpower.
Uni-polar
Global spread of western ideas, beliefs and practices.
Westernisation
A model that divides the world into 3 sections; a developed core, a developing periphery and the semi-periphery.
World systems theory
