Migration, Identity and Sovereignty Flashcards
The eventual adoption of the cultural traits belonging to a host or majority community by a migrant or minority community, sometimes at the expense of their own distinctiveness
Assimilation
Someone who flees to another country and applies for the right to international protection
Asylum seeker
Flows of people, investment and resources directed from peripheral to core regions. This process is responsible for the polarisation of regional prosperity between regions within the same country
Backwash
The IMF and World Bank were founded at the Bretton Woods conference in the USA at the end of WWII to help rebuild and guide the world economy
Bretton Woods institutions
The uneven spatial distribution of national population and wealth between two or more regions of a country, resulting from flows of migrants, trade and investment
Core-periphery system
When a TNC changes its corporate identity, relocating its headquarters to another country
Corporate migration
The capacity of different national and ethnic groups to make a mutual commitment to live together as citizens of the same state
Cultural cohesion
A society where there is a high level of cultural and/or ethnic diversity among its citizens, often resulting in a multi-lingual and multi-faith community
Cultural heterogeneity
The distinctive character of a geographical place or region that has been shaped over time by a combination of physical and human processes
Cultural landscape
The ideas, beliefs, customs and social behaviour of a group or society
Culture
A dispersed group of people with a shared cultural background who have spread internationally from their original homeland
Diaspora
If the production of a commodity is expanded then the unit cost price may fall, due to fixed costs (eg lighting a factory) being spread over more units of output
Economy of scale
The deliberate removal, by killing or forced migration, of one ethnic group by another
Ethnic cleansing
The voluntary or enforced separation of people of different cultures or nationalities
Ethnic segregation
The shared identity of an ethnic group which may be based on common ancestral roots or cultural characteristics such as language, religion, diet or clothing
Ethnicity
A cultural landscape constructed by a minority ethnic group, such as a migrant population. Their culture is clearly reflected in the way they have remade the place where they live
Ethnoscape
Someone who has migrated to live in another state but remains a citizen of the state in which they were born
Expatriate
A country whose government has lost political control and is unable to fulfil the basic responsibilities of a sovereign state, with severe adverse effects for some or all its population
Failed state
A way of living wherein a person identifies strongly with global scale issues, values and culture rather than (or in addition to) narrower place-based identity
Global citizenship
Global resources so large in scale that they lie outside the political reach of any one state. International law defines 4 global commons: the oceans, the atmosphere, Antarctica and outer space
Global commons
The steering rules, norms, codes and regulations used to regulate human activity at an international level
Global governance
The process by which places and people are becoming ever more closely linked and connected, due to increasing flows of people, goods, capital and information
Globalisation
The ability of a powerful state or player to influence outcomes without reverting to ‘hard power’ tactics such as military force
Hegemonic power
Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative was launched in 1996 by the IMF and World Bank; the aim was to reduce debt burden, but strict conditions were enforced such as poverty reduction strategies
HIPC policies
A society where there is very little cultural or ethnic diversity and most people share cultural traits with one another, including language, religion, dress and diet
Homogenous culture
The ownership of several forms of media by the same company
Media plurality
Four fast-growing economies: Mexico, Indonesia, Nigeria and Turkey
MINT
A territorial group of people who may lack sovereignty
Nation
A sense of a nation as a cohesive whole, as represented by distinctive traditions, culture and language; its characteristics
National identity
A political movement focused on national independence or the abandonment of policies that are viewed by some people as a threat to national sovereignty or national culture
Nationalism
The belief by some that their own interests are more important than those belonging to other nations
Nationalist
Costs suffered by third party people and places because of changing economic activity. These may be unintended social or environmental impacts, such as unemployment or pollution
Negative externalities
The indirect actions by which developed countries exercise a degree of control over the development of their former colonies (or other developing countries)
Neo-colonial
A belief in freer flows of people, capital and trade, involving trade liberalisation, deregulation of financial markets and open borders
Neo-liberalism
The original business that a global TNC has developed around and whose directors still make decisions that affect the organisation as a whole
Parent company
People who moved to the UK (or another imperial country) from their former colonies during the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s
Post-colonial migrants
People who are forced to flee their homes due to persecution, whether on an individual basis or as part of a mass exodus due to political, religious or other problems
Refugee
An international agreement that aims to make it easier for people to move freely within the EU; passports do not have to be shown at the borders of the 26 EU and non-EU countries that agreed to this
Schengen Agreement
The act of separation for part of a state to create a new and fully independent country
Secession
Government-owned investment funds and banks, that invest the wealth of nations in companies and projects around the world. Typically associated with China and countries that have large revenues from oil, such as Qatar
Sovereign Wealth Fund (SWF)
The ability of a place and people to self-govern without any outside interference
Sovereignty
No other country holds power or sovereignty over it
State
Structural Adjustment Programmes: lending by the IMF and World Bank but with strict conditions attached
SAPs
A country or territory with a nil or low rate of corporation tax, such as Bermuda
Tax haven
A water resource, including rivers, lakes and aquifers, that occupies a territory shared by more than one state
Transboundary water
A financial flow occurring when one division of a TNC based in one country charges a division of the same firm based in another country for the supply of a product or service. It can lead to less corporation tax being paid
Transfer pricing
The positive impacts on the peripheral regions of wealth creation in core regions. These can include investment, regional aid and grants, and the diffusion of innovation, technology and infrastructure from the core to the periphery
Trickle-down
military intervention undertaken by a state (or a group of states) outside the umbrella of the UN
Unilateral intervention
A migrant whose primary motivation is to seek employment. Migrants who already had a job may have to set off in search of better pay, more regular pay, promotion or a change of career
Voluntary economic migrant
The ongoing campaign by the USA and its allies to counter international terrorism
War on terror
The promotion through soft power of European and North American cultural values
Westernisation
