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Anatomy Final Exam Content > Superficial Back > Flashcards

Superficial Back Flashcards

1
Q

What STRUCTURES make up the shoulder girdle?

A

scapula, clavicle, and proximal humerus

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2
Q

What JOINTS make up the shoulder girdle?

A

ST, SC, AC, GH

scapulothoracic, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, and glenohumeral

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3
Q

what is the only bony articulation that holds the upper extremities to the axial skeleton?

A

the SC joint - sternoclavicular

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4
Q

what is one of the biggest reasons for shoulder pain?

A

because the scapula is held against the thoracic cage purely by muscle, weakness in muscle may contribute to pain in shoulder

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5
Q

what type of joint is the GH joint?

A

ball and socket
triplanar

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6
Q

what is the shoulder girdle built for?

A

mobility and stability for the upper extremities

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7
Q

why might the shoulder girdle not be the most stable in itself?

A

it depends on the strength of the musculature supporting it

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8
Q

is the shoulder built for weightbearing?

A

no

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9
Q

do the four joints of the shoulder girdle move independently or dependently to one another?

A

dependently, they move together as a unit

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10
Q

what is the benefit of the shape of the clavicle?

A

it improves the strength to the bone and transmits force from the upper extremities to the axial skeleton

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11
Q

what does the disc at the medial end of the clavicle do?

A

provides a little bit of a cushion

because the SC joint is so shallow, the disc gives it more congruency and shock absorption

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12
Q

where are clavicular fractures the most common?

A

where the medial 2/3 meets the lateral 1/3

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13
Q

how do clavicular fractures happen?

A

falling directly onto the shoulder or on outstretched hand

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14
Q

what is a major risk when it comes to clavicle fractures?

A

it the jagged end of the broken clavicle drops down too much, it could nick the subclavian artery and lead to a bleed out

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15
Q

where are shoulder separations most common?

A

the AC joint - acromioclavicular

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16
Q

where are shoulder dislocations most common?

A

the GH joint - glenohumeral

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17
Q

what type of bone is the scapula?

A

flat bone

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18
Q

is the ANTERIOR surface of the scapula convex or concave?

A

concave

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19
Q

is the POSTERIOR surface of the scapula convex or concave?

A

convex

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20
Q

which rib does the superior angle of the scapula lie on top of?

A

the second rib

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21
Q

which rib does the inferior angle of the scapula lie on top of?

A

the seventh rib

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22
Q

what runs down the bicipital groove of the humerus?

A

the biceps brachii tendon

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23
Q

why is there a surgical neck of the humerus?

A

because the area that the surgical neck is the area in which fractures are most common

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24
Q

what is the axilla?

A

the region between the pectoral muscles, the scapula, the arm, and the thoracic wall

your armpit

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25
what is the apex of the axillary wall?
the convergence of the clavicle, scapula, and rib 1
26
what is the base of the axillary wall?
fascia and skin of the armpit
27
what makes up the anterior wall of the axillary wall?
pectoral muscles pectoralis major forms the anterior axillary fold
28
what makes up the posterior wall of the axillary wall?
scapula and subscapularis muscles latissimus dorsi and teres major form the posterior axillary fold
29
what creates the lateral wall of the axillary wall?
the humerus
30
what creates the medial wall of the axillary wall?
rib cage
31
what are the abbreviations to remember the arteries / veins of the UE?
BC SC A ST TA LT SS A/PHC brachiocephalic, subclavian, superior thoracic, thoraco-acromial, lateral thoracic, subscapular, ant/post humeral circumflex
32
what is different about the brachiocephalic vein?
there is only one of these and it’s only on the right side the left side comes directly off the aorta
33
the axillary lymph nodes become enlarged when?
when there are infections in the hand or UE
34
what might the axillary lymph nodes be involved in?
breast cancer
35
what happens if the axillary lymph nodes are removed due to breast cancer?
lymphedema
36
what joint is the most important out of the four joints of the shoulder girdle?
the ST joint - scapulothoracic
37
is the ST joint a real anatomic joint?
no
38
the ST joint movements are linked to what other joints?
SC and AC
39
how does the ST joint help the GH joint?
helps facilitate movement at the GH joint
40
what is the reference point of the scapula?
the glenoid of the scapula
41
what do the muscles of the ST joint do?
keeps the scapula following the contour of the thorax as it moves
42
why does the scapula need to move at all?
to keep the glenoid fossa and head of the humerus aligned - which provides movement and stability of the arm
43
what is the normal range of the ST joint?
60 degrees
44
what is the normal range of the GH joint?
120 degrees
45
what is scapulohumeral rhythm?
coordinated movement of the GH and ST joint 180 degrees of movement
46
what ratio does the scapulohumeral rhythm occur in?
1:2 ratio for every 3 degrees of movement, 1 degree is generated by the ST joint and 2 degrees is generated by the GH joint
47
what is upward tilt / tipping of the scapula?
movement of the inferior angle of the scapula away from the thorax
48
what is lateral tilt / winging of the scapula?
movement of the vertebral border of the scapula away from the thorax
49
what type of joint is the SC joint?
plane synovial w/ 3 degrees of freedom
50
what movements occur at the SC joint?
elevation/depression protraction/retraction rotation
51
what movements are at the ST joint?
elevation/depression abduction/adduction (protraction/retraction) upward/downward rotation
52
what are the four ligaments at the SC joint?
anterior/posterior sternoclavicular ligament costoclavicular ligament interclavicular ligament
53
what does the posterior sternoclavicular ligament do?
checks the a/p movement of the head of the clavicle
54
what does the costoclavicular ligament do?
reinforces the joint capsule and limits elevation of the medial end of the clavicle
55
what does the interclavicular ligament do?
limits depression of clavicle
56
what type of joint is the AC joint?
plane synovial w/ 3 degrees of freedom
57
what is a negative thing the AC joint allows?
winging and tipping of scapula
58
what are the acromioclavicular ligaments?
superior/inferior acromioclavicular ligament coracoclavicular ligament coracoacromial ligament
59
what are the two parts the coracoclavicular ligaments divide into?
the trapezoid (lateral) the conoid (medial)
60
what does the conoid ligament do?
prevents superior displacement of the clavicle on the acromion
61
if you lose one or both of the two aspects of the coracoclavicular ligament, what happens?
the clavicle will shoot up and form a “step deformity” it is a grade II or III shoulder separation
62
at the AC joint, upward/downward rotation occurs in what plane?
transverse (horizontal)
63
at the AC joint, rotation occurs in what plane?
sagittal
64
what does the glenoid labrum do?
deepens the glenoid fossa and increases the size of the articular surface
65
at the GH joint, is the capsule taut or slack superiorly?
taut, therefore making it slack inferiorly
66
at the GH joint, where is it reinforced the most?
on the anterior side
67
what is the coracohumeral ligament?
connects the coracoid process with the greater tubercle - supports the humerus against the pull of gravity
68
where are the two bursa located in the shoulder?
subacromial subscapular
69
what does the subacromial bursa do?
separates the supraspinatus tendon and head of humerus from the acromion process
70
how can an impingement of the supraspinatus muscle occur?
because the tendon is between the head of the humerus and the AC joint, so it can get squashed
71
what is the “5th joint” of the shoulder girdle?
the coracoacromial arch
72
what does the coracoacromial arch do?
protects the top of the humeral head, muscles, tendons, and bursae from trauma from above such as heavy purses

Anatomy Final Exam Content (15 decks)

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