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Anatomy Final Exam Content > Superficial Back > Flashcards

Superficial Back Flashcards

1
Q

What STRUCTURES make up the shoulder girdle?

A

scapula, clavicle, and proximal humerus

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2
Q

What JOINTS make up the shoulder girdle?

A

ST, SC, AC, GH

scapulothoracic, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, and glenohumeral

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3
Q

what is the only bony articulation that holds the upper extremities to the axial skeleton?

A

the SC joint - sternoclavicular

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4
Q

what is one of the biggest reasons for shoulder pain?

A

because the scapula is held against the thoracic cage purely by muscle, weakness in muscle may contribute to pain in shoulder

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5
Q

what type of joint is the GH joint?

A

ball and socket
triplanar

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6
Q

what is the shoulder girdle built for?

A

mobility and stability for the upper extremities

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7
Q

why might the shoulder girdle not be the most stable in itself?

A

it depends on the strength of the musculature supporting it

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8
Q

is the shoulder built for weightbearing?

A

no

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9
Q

do the four joints of the shoulder girdle move independently or dependently to one another?

A

dependently, they move together as a unit

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10
Q

what is the benefit of the shape of the clavicle?

A

it improves the strength to the bone and transmits force from the upper extremities to the axial skeleton

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11
Q

what does the disc at the medial end of the clavicle do?

A

provides a little bit of a cushion

because the SC joint is so shallow, the disc gives it more congruency and shock absorption

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12
Q

where are clavicular fractures the most common?

A

where the medial 2/3 meets the lateral 1/3

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13
Q

how do clavicular fractures happen?

A

falling directly onto the shoulder or on outstretched hand

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14
Q

what is a major risk when it comes to clavicle fractures?

A

it the jagged end of the broken clavicle drops down too much, it could nick the subclavian artery and lead to a bleed out

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15
Q

where are shoulder separations most common?

A

the AC joint - acromioclavicular

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16
Q

where are shoulder dislocations most common?

A

the GH joint - glenohumeral

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17
Q

what type of bone is the scapula?

A

flat bone

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18
Q

is the ANTERIOR surface of the scapula convex or concave?

A

concave

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19
Q

is the POSTERIOR surface of the scapula convex or concave?

A

convex

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20
Q

which rib does the superior angle of the scapula lie on top of?

A

the second rib

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21
Q

which rib does the inferior angle of the scapula lie on top of?

A

the seventh rib

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22
Q

what runs down the bicipital groove of the humerus?

A

the biceps brachii tendon

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23
Q

why is there a surgical neck of the humerus?

A

because the area that the surgical neck is the area in which fractures are most common

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24
Q

what is the axilla?

A

the region between the pectoral muscles, the scapula, the arm, and the thoracic wall

your armpit

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25
Q

what is the apex of the axillary wall?

A

the convergence of the clavicle, scapula, and rib 1

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26
Q

what is the base of the axillary wall?

A

fascia and skin of the armpit

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27
Q

what makes up the anterior wall of the axillary wall?

A

pectoral muscles

pectoralis major forms the anterior axillary fold

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28
Q

what makes up the posterior wall of the axillary wall?

A

scapula and subscapularis muscles

latissimus dorsi and teres major form the posterior axillary fold

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29
Q

what creates the lateral wall of the axillary wall?

A

the humerus

30
Q

what creates the medial wall of the axillary wall?

A

rib cage

31
Q

what are the abbreviations to remember the arteries / veins of the UE?

A

BC SC A ST TA LT SS A/PHC

brachiocephalic, subclavian, superior thoracic, thoraco-acromial, lateral thoracic, subscapular, ant/post humeral circumflex

32
Q

what is different about the brachiocephalic vein?

A

there is only one of these and it’s only on the right side

the left side comes directly off the aorta

33
Q

the axillary lymph nodes become enlarged when?

A

when there are infections in the hand or UE

34
Q

what might the axillary lymph nodes be involved in?

A

breast cancer

35
Q

what happens if the axillary lymph nodes are removed due to breast cancer?

A

lymphedema

36
Q

what joint is the most important out of the four joints of the shoulder girdle?

A

the ST joint - scapulothoracic

37
Q

is the ST joint a real anatomic joint?

A

no

38
Q

the ST joint movements are linked to what other joints?

A

SC and AC

39
Q

how does the ST joint help the GH joint?

A

helps facilitate movement at the GH joint

40
Q

what is the reference point of the scapula?

A

the glenoid of the scapula

41
Q

what do the muscles of the ST joint do?

A

keeps the scapula following the contour of the thorax as it moves

42
Q

why does the scapula need to move at all?

A

to keep the glenoid fossa and head of the humerus aligned - which provides movement and stability of the arm

43
Q

what is the normal range of the ST joint?

A

60 degrees

44
Q

what is the normal range of the GH joint?

A

120 degrees

45
Q

what is scapulohumeral rhythm?

A

coordinated movement of the GH and ST joint

180 degrees of movement

46
Q

what ratio does the scapulohumeral rhythm occur in?

A

1:2 ratio

for every 3 degrees of movement, 1 degree is generated by the ST joint and 2 degrees is generated by the GH joint

47
Q

what is upward tilt / tipping of the scapula?

A

movement of the inferior angle of the scapula away from the thorax

48
Q

what is lateral tilt / winging of the scapula?

A

movement of the vertebral border of the scapula away from the thorax

49
Q

what type of joint is the SC joint?

A

plane synovial w/ 3 degrees of freedom

50
Q

what movements occur at the SC joint?

A

elevation/depression

protraction/retraction

rotation

51
Q

what movements are at the ST joint?

A

elevation/depression

abduction/adduction (protraction/retraction)

upward/downward rotation

52
Q

what are the four ligaments at the SC joint?

A

anterior/posterior sternoclavicular ligament

costoclavicular ligament

interclavicular ligament

53
Q

what does the posterior sternoclavicular ligament do?

A

checks the a/p movement of the head of the clavicle

54
Q

what does the costoclavicular ligament do?

A

reinforces the joint capsule and limits elevation of the medial end of the clavicle

55
Q

what does the interclavicular ligament do?

A

limits depression of clavicle

56
Q

what type of joint is the AC joint?

A

plane synovial w/ 3 degrees of freedom

57
Q

what is a negative thing the AC joint allows?

A

winging and tipping of scapula

58
Q

what are the acromioclavicular ligaments?

A

superior/inferior acromioclavicular ligament

coracoclavicular ligament

coracoacromial ligament

59
Q

what are the two parts the coracoclavicular ligaments divide into?

A

the trapezoid (lateral)
the conoid (medial)

60
Q

what does the conoid ligament do?

A

prevents superior displacement of the clavicle on the acromion

61
Q

if you lose one or both of the two aspects of the coracoclavicular ligament, what happens?

A

the clavicle will shoot up and form a “step deformity”

it is a grade II or III shoulder separation

62
Q

at the AC joint, upward/downward rotation occurs in what plane?

A

transverse (horizontal)

63
Q

at the AC joint, rotation occurs in what plane?

A

sagittal

64
Q

what does the glenoid labrum do?

A

deepens the glenoid fossa and increases the size of the articular surface

65
Q

at the GH joint, is the capsule taut or slack superiorly?

A

taut, therefore making it slack inferiorly

66
Q

at the GH joint, where is it reinforced the most?

A

on the anterior side

67
Q

what is the coracohumeral ligament?

A

connects the coracoid process with the greater tubercle
- supports the humerus against the pull of gravity

68
Q

where are the two bursa located in the shoulder?

A

subacromial
subscapular

69
Q

what does the subacromial bursa do?

A

separates the supraspinatus tendon and head of humerus from the acromion process

70
Q

how can an impingement of the supraspinatus muscle occur?

A

because the tendon is between the head of the humerus and the AC joint, so it can get squashed

71
Q

what is the “5th joint” of the shoulder girdle?

A

the coracoacromial arch

72
Q

what does the coracoacromial arch do?

A

protects the top of the humeral head, muscles, tendons, and bursae from trauma from above such as heavy purses

Anatomy Final Exam Content (15 decks)

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