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Parasitology > Superfamily Trichostrongyloidea and Order Rhabditida > Flashcards

Superfamily Trichostrongyloidea and Order Rhabditida Flashcards

1
Q

Form and Function of Phylum Nematoda

A

Less than 1mm to more than 1 m in length
Cylindrical, elongated and bilaterally symmetricle
Contain body cavity and are dioecious parasites

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2
Q

What are the three layers of the Nematoda body wall?

A

Cuticle, Hypodermis, Musculature, body cavity

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3
Q

What structure is located on the anterior end of males and females in Phylum Nematoda?

A

Identical in males and females - contain a mouth with different associated structures like lips, teeth, cutting plates, leaf crowns, buccal capsule, etc

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4
Q

What structure is located on the posterior end of males and females in Phylum Nematoda?

A

Females = very simple, sharp and pointy

Males = contain a bursa with spicules - can contain finger like rays, coiled

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5
Q

What is the digestive system of the Nematoda?

A

Complete with mouth at the anterior end and anus at posterior end.

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6
Q

What is a buccal capsule

A

Anteror enlarged portion of the buccal cavity within the mouth

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7
Q

What are the male copulatory structures?

A

Spicules

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8
Q

Define the nerve ring

A

Surrounds the oesophagus and represents the CNS

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9
Q

What are the layers of Nematoda eggs?

A

Uterine layer (not in all species - thicker)
Vitelline layer
Chitinous layer
Lipid layer (innermost layer)

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10
Q

What is the general infective stage of Nematoda’s?

A

Larval stage 3

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11
Q

What are the stages of nematodal development?

A

Egg, L1, L2, L3 L4 and then adults

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12
Q

Which life stages take place in the environment and which take place in the host?

A

L1 - L3 occurs in the environment

L3 - adult occurs in the final host

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13
Q

Define Oviparous and Ovoviviparous

A

Oviparious = female deposits eggs

Ovoviviparous = female deposits eggs that contain a larva

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14
Q

What are the general features of the Order Rhabditida?

A

Small transparent worms
Oesophagous composed of corpus, isthmus and bulb

Contain both free living and parasitic species

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15
Q

Order Rhabditida, Family Strongyloididae, Genus Strongyloides (thread worms) general features

A

Located in the small intestine
Only the females are parasitic and infect the host, there are free living males and females in the environment. Small size
Contain fillariform oesophagus. Feed on blood
Eggs are thin shelled, embryonated when laid

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16
Q

What is the lifecycle of the Strongyloides? (Order Rhabditida)

A

Parasitic females live in the small intestine, lay embryonated eggs, passed in faeces, larvae hatch in environment (some hatch in the passage of the gut). Larvae develop through homogonic cycle (infect host at L3) or heterogonic cycle (free living in environment until next generation L3 infects host). Infect host transcutaneouslty, can either undergo tracheal migration and end up in small intestine or can undergo somatic migration and end up in various tissues arrested. Can infect through oral route and mature in small intestine.

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17
Q

What are the routes of transmission of the Genus Strongyloides?

A

Transcutaneously
- Move via the skin and undergo tracheal migration or somatic migration
Orally
- No migration, mature in small intestine
Autoinfection
- develop to L3 without leaving the GIT
Via milk
- arrested larvae reactivate and migrate to mammary glands

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18
Q

Define tracheal migration

A

move from lungs, to brochioles, to trachea, get moved by the ciliary pump and mucous to the larynx, is moved out of the respiratory tract and swallowed. Move into the digestive system

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19
Q

Define Somatic migration

A

Enters into the various tissues in the body, especially muscles and adipose tissues of the mammary glands where they become arrested. Can get reactivated and migrate to the intestine or in lactating females, they can be passed via milk and infect newborns

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20
Q

Factors that can affect the Genus Strongyloides larval development

A 
Condition of the host (immunity) 
Environmental factors (pH, temperature, humidity, quantity of food)

Adverse conditions in host promote heterogenic develpment
Favourable conditions in the host promotes homogenic development

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21
Q

What are the general features of Order Strongylida?

A

Common name is strongyles
Males contain posterior bursa and spicules
Eggs are thin shelled, many cells (morula stage). No relation to Genus Strongyloides

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22
Q

Define corona radiata

A

Term given to external and internal leaf crowns

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23
Q

Define bursa

A

Bell shaped structure with three lobes supported by rays / papillae. Can use the shape, development of lobes and arrangement of rays for species identification

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24
Q

What are the routes of infection in Strongylida?

A

Ingestion
Transcutaneously
Milk

25
Q

What are the 4 Superfamilies within Order Stongylida?

A

Trichonstrongyloidea
Ancylostomatoidea
Strongyloidea
Metastrongyloidea

26
Q

What are the main features of superfamily trichonstrongyloidea?

A

Slender worms, small
Well developed bursa
Direct life cycle
Most important helminth of ruminants. Located in GIT, small intestine, abomassum or trachea

27
Q

What are the main features of superfamily Ancylostomatoidea?

A 
Buccal capsule is subglobular 
No lips or corona radiata 
Has teeth / cutting plates 
Bursa is well developed 
Located in small intestine
28
Q

What are the main features of superfamily strongyloidea

A 
Mouth surrounded by corona radiata
Might have teeth at base of capsule 
Bursa well developed 
Direct lifecycle 
Located in large intestine, kidney and trachea
29
Q

What are the main features of superfamily Metastrongyloidea?

A

Mouth is small / absent
Bursa is small or absent
L1 does not contain oesophageal bulk
Direct or indirect lifecycles. Located in respiratory / circulatory systems

30
Q

What is the general life cycle of trichostrongyloidea?

A

Females produce eggs (thin shell, many cell), passed in faeces. Development of larvae occir in faeces. Develop into infective L3. L3 retain the L2 cuticle to have extra protection. L3 move onto the grass to be ingested by hosts (dependent on temp, humidity and light - need the dew to move, once starts to dry, move back into soil). Once ingested, will remove L2 cuticle. L3 arrives at site of infection within GIT. Mature within and start to produce eggs.

31
Q

What are the main features of Trichostrongyloidea –> Genus trichostrongylus?

A

Called hairworms, cause villi atrophy, small, contain an excretory pore, no buccal cavity, bursa with short spicules, eggs (thin shell, many shell, Trichostrongyloidea life cycle. Infects ruminants mainly

32
Q

What are the main features of Trichostrongyloidea –> Genus Haemonchus?

A

Known as the Barber’s Pole worm. Located in abomassum. Very pathogenic, red and white colour (blood and uterus)
Can cause death
Infects all ruminants. Contain small mouth, bursa, large lobes with Y shaped dorsal ray. Females contain vulval flap. Common in areas with wet season and prefer warm temps. Very prolific (10,000 eggs/day). Can go into hypobiosis within tissues or remain in lumen.

33
Q

Temperature and moisture determine what factors?

A

Speed of development
Resistance of larvae on pasture
Success rate

34
Q

Define hypobiosis

A

Arrested development where metabolism is reduced until they resume. Factors which influence hypobiosis is the environmental conditions, host immune response, size of the population of worms within host and genetic factors. Enter hypobiosis in early L4 stage

35
Q

What is the significance of hypobiosis?

A

Less susceptible to treatments
Non pathogenic
Not affected by hosts immune response
Is a survival strategy to protect the larvae against hostile environmental conditions and maintain the adult nematode population from a pool of inhibited larvae.

36
Q

What can stimulate arrested larvae to resume development?

A

When environmental conditions are favourable for development
When adult population of parasites are removed by antithelmintic treatments
In Ewes, during parturition, and lactation, host immunity decreases.

37
Q

What are the main features of trichostrongyloidea –> Genus Ostertagia ostertagi

A

Located in the abomassum of ruminants. Reddish worm, thread worm, cuticle on the anterior endc is slighly inflated, is transversely striated, small mouth, cervical papillae present, vulval flap present, large bursa, prefers lower temperatures (VIC region), L3 enter abomassum where they cause nodules and swelling. Known for early L4 hypobiosis and synchronising redevelopment –> large numbers and kill the host by nodules. Two types

38
Q

What are the two types of Osteragia osteragi

A

Type 1 = large number of direct development of many adults over short period of time –> no hypobiosis

Type 2 = synchronous maturation and emergency of large numbers of hypobiotic larvae. Forms ulcers in abomassum. Animal dies. Can show no signs of being infected.

39
Q

What are the main features of trichostrongyloidea –> genus cooperia

A

Known as the Cooper’s worm. Located in small intestine of ruminants
Macroscopic –> curled like a comma. Microscopic –> cuticle of the anterior end forms a cephalic vesicle that is transversely striated. Large bursa. Head bulges out and has lips. Strongylida egg and lifecycle

40
Q

What are the main features of the trichostrongyloidea –> Genus Nematodirus

A

Located in small intestine of ruminants. Anterior end is inflated and forms a large cephalic vesicle that is striated (similar to cooperia). Spicules are very long and are united via a membrane. Females are short and contain a terminal appendage. Eggs are very Large and a reduced amount of blastomeres. Larval stages occur inside the egg and hatch at L3 stage before infecting the host.

41
Q

Which trichostrongyloidea has a larger egg and reduced cells?

A

Nematodirus

42
Q

Which trichostrongyloidea has larval development within the eggs

A

Nematodirus

43
Q

Which species of Nematodirus occurs in sheep only?

A

Nematodiurs batta –> spicules meet at only the tips in a flattened blunt projection. Female tails taper to a point.

44
Q

What are the main features of trichostrongyloidea –> genus dictyocaulus

A

Located in the trachea and bronchi. When swallowed end up in small intestine, move through into the lymph nodes and travel to the blood system to the heart and break out of the capillaries into the lungs, move into the bronchi where they mature. Contain embryonated eggs which hatch into L1 before being excreted due to having to undergo tracheal migration and go through the GIT before excretion.

45
Q

Which genus of trichostrongyloidea mature in the bronchi and produce embryonated eggs which can mature into L1 before excretion

A

Dictyocaulus species

46
Q

What is the species of Dictyocaulus within sheep and goats?

A

Dictyocaulus filaria –> filiform body with males being small and females large. Bursas are short, spicules are brown and bent. Have a foot shape.

47
Q

What is the species of Dictyocaulus within cattle?

A

Dictyocaulus viviparus –> Slightly smaller than filiaria species. They are very inactive and tend to stay within the faeces until they are washed out by rain. They have a special dispersion mechanism of capsules of fungus.

48
Q

What species of trichostrongyloidea infect horses?

A

Trichostrongylus axei –> stomach parasite (abomasum in ruminants)

Dictyocaulus arnfieldi –> lung parasite. Embryonated eggs shed in faeces.

49
Q

What species of trichostrongyloidea infect pigs?

A

Hypostrongylus rubidius –> stomach parasite. Reddish when fresh, feeds on blood, direct lifecycle with L3 ingestion, thin shell many celled egg.

Ollulanus tricuspis –> stomach parasite

Trichostrongylus axei –> stomach parasite

50
Q

What is the species of trichostrongyloidea that infects birds?

A

Amidostomum anseris –> found in ducks and geese. Located in the gizzard, reddish worms that feed on blood. Short and wide buccal capsule (rare in trichostrongyloidea). Contain three sharp teeth with a direct lifecycle with larvae developing inside the egg.

51
Q

Which trichostrongloidea worm contains a Y shaped spicule located inside the worm?

A

Osteragia osteragi

52
Q

Which is the most prolific worm known to ruminants?

A

Haemonchus (barber’s pole)

53
Q

Which trichostrongyloidea species has an excretory pore that is within a ventral notch?

A

Trichostrongylus spp.

54
Q

Which trichostrongyloidea contains transverse striations and a cephalic vesicle but a normal sized strongylida egg ?

A

Cooperia

55
Q

Which trichostrongyloidea contains transverse striations and a cephalic vesicle but has larger than normal eggs with less cells and contains a terminal appendage in females

A

Nematodirus

56
Q

Which trichostrongyloidea contains a Y shaped dorsal ray?

A

Haemonchus

57
Q

What is the species of Haemonchus that are within sheep / goats and cattle?

A

H. contortus = sheep and goats

H. placei = cattle

58
Q

What is the species of Haemonchus that are within sheep / goats and cattle?

A

H. contortus = sheep and goats

H. placei = cattle

Parasitology (20 decks)

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