Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Parasitology > Phylum Sarcomastigophora > Flashcards

Phylum Sarcomastigophora Flashcards

1
Q

What is the common name of the Subphylum Mastigophora?

A

The Flagellates –> flagella present in trophozoites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the main features of Family Trypanosomatidae?

A

Require an IH - arthropods
Cause death in humans and animals
Extracellular and intracellular location

Genus Trypanosoma
Genus Leishmania

Spindle shaped body 
One flagellum 
Underlating membrane
Contains a kinetoplast 
Many phases of development
Many species change the body form depending on the host and organ in which they are located
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the main features of Genus Trypanosoma?

A

Widespread in the trypomastigote form
Live in blood and tissues
Binary fission
All species except T. equiperdum are transmitted by vectors

Contain 2 groups

  • Salivaria: within anterior part of GIT (salivary glands of vector)
  • Stercoraria: within posterior part of vector - faecal contamination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the features of Trypanosoma - Group Salivaria

A

Spindle shape
Blunt posterior end
Kinetoplast in terminal position
Free flagellum at anterior end can be present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the features of Trypanosoma - Group Stercoaria

A

Free flagellum always present
Posterior end is pointed
Kinetoplast is subterminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the general features of Trypanosoma evansi / brusei?

A

Cause Sura disease
Within horses, donkey,s mules, deer, camels, Llamas, dogs, cats
Posterior end is thin, free flagellum and underlating membrane
Located in the circulation

Transmitted by Tabanus spp of fly (no development) –> very painful as it is not easy to get blood from host –> will cause pain and receive a small amount of blood before moving to another host and infecting them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the general features of Trypansoma equiperdum?

A

Affects horses, donkeys and mules
Not in Aus
Transmitted via sex (venereally)

Causes acute or chronic illness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the general features of Trypansoma brucei?

A

T. b. brucei
T. b. gambiense
T. b. rhodesiense

Transmitted by Glossina species –> development within fly)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the general features of the subspecies Trypansoma brucei brucei?

A

Not within humans
Pathology in many species including horses and cattle
Contain 2 forms - 1 in host and 1 in fly
many hosts
Trypomastigote is within blood of the host
Invades the cerebrospinal fluid

In the vertebrate –> trophomastigote

In the vector –> epimastigote

Transmission via flies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which species of Trypansoma causes African Sleeping sickness?

A

Trypansoma brucei gambiense

Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the main features of Genus Leishmania?

A

Within in tropical, subtropical and temperate areas (Not Aus)
Causes severe disease in humans and animals
Transmitted via the bite of female sandflies
Zoonotic
More than 14 species can infect humans and cause:
- Visceral disease
- Cutaneous disease
- Musculo-cutaneous disease

Within dogs –> can cause visceral and cutaneous disease (L. infantum)

Have 2 forms:
- Amastigotes –> mammals and in macrophages. Contain a rudimentary flagellum that does not project beyond the body –> not motile

  • Promastigote –> in sandflies, have motility and working flagellum.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the lifecycle of Genus Leishmania?

A

When feeding on an infected host, the female sandfly will ingest macrophages

Amastigotes within the macrophages that have been ingested by the female sandfly form into promastigotes, they divide by binary fission and then when the female sandfly feeds, will transfer into the host.

Promastigotes are then released into the blood of the host and are phagocytised by macrophages –> form into Amastigotes and divide in the host cells –> amastigotes will burst the cell, release into blood and invade other cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What cases of Leishmania in Australia have been seen?

A

In 2004, Kangaroos in the NT contained skin lesions on the ears, tail and limbs, the Leishmania species was identified.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the general features of Order Trichomonadida?

A

Flagellate protozoa that inhibit the alimentary canal / urogenial system of vertebrates and invertebrates

Contain an undulating membrane and is bordered by a flagellum

Body is pyriform (rounded anterior and pointed posterior end)
One nucleus
3-5 anterior flagella and a posterior or recurrent flagellum which is incorporated into the undulating membrane
Contains a free flagellum

Reproduce via binary fission

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the main features of Trichomonas gallinae?

A

Host - birds, mainly from Columbiformes (pigeons and doves) as well as budgies, hawks, eagles, chickens, etc.

Located in the Digestive tract, mouth, pharynx, oesophagus and crop

Adult pigeons are asymptomatic carriers

Young pigeons are symptomatic, degeneration in oral and nasal cavities

Contain 4 anterior flagella, no free posterior flagellum.
Undulating membrane does not reach posterior end of body

Parasites develop in the mouth and block the feeding and airway –> young birds will die, if they survive, will become carriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the routes of transmission for Trichomonas gallinae?

A

Transmission via Columbiforms (pigeons and doves) ‘‘pigeon milk’ –> feeding of offspring with secretions from the mucous membrane of the mouth. transmit protozoa that way

Raptors and hawks - infected via ingestion of infected pigeons

Chickens infected via sharing water dishes with pigeons and doves

17
Q

What is the main features of Tritrichomonas foetus?

A

Infect:

  • Cattle (reproductive tract –> infertility and abortion)
  • Cats (diarrhoea)
  • Pigs

Pyriform shape (rounded anteriorly, posteriorly pointed

One nucleus, 4 flagella with three anterior (free) and the 4th extending posteriorly along the undulating membrane and trails as free flagellum (long)

18
Q

What are the main features of Tritrichomonas foetus in cattle?

A

causes infertility and abortions
Transmission from bulls to cow sexually (coitus)

Bulls –> parasites located in the preputial cavity and urethral oriface. Are Asymptomatic carriers

Cows –> parasites located in vagina and cervix –> move into uterus

19
Q

What are the main features of Histomonas melegridis?

A

Causes entero-hepatitis / blackhead disease

Hosts - galliform birds (mainly turkeys)
Infects caeca and liver

Do not survive in environment - transmit sexually, via milk and arthropods

Heterakis gallinarum is a vector for transmission of Histamonas meleagridis.

Pleomorphic shape (dependent on location) --> 
Caecal lumen form contains one flagellum only. 
Tissue form does not have flagella and is a cyst-like form

The tissue form exists in eggs of Heterakis gallinarum

20
Q

What is the lifecycle of Histomonas meleagridis?

A

Transmission via Heterakis gallinarum –> acts as a vector for Histamonas.

Histamonas infects Heterakis gallinarum within the ovaries of the female –> become incorporated in the eggs. Within the eggs –> Histomonas can survive a long time

Infection of the birds

  • occurs through ingestion of embryonated eggs from Heterakis gallinarum that contain Histomonas
  • Ingestion of Earthworms (IH of H. gallinarum) that contain larvae of Heterakis gallinarum which then also contain histomonas meleagridis.

In the caeca of the host, histomonas multiply via binary fission and enter the bloodstream and meet at the liver.
Causes enlargement of the caeca and yellow faeces

The second transmission is direct, via cloacal drinking –> Less likely due to the short lifespan in environment
As Histomonas most would be killed by the acidity of the stomach, they move backwards to the caeca.

With lots of Diarrhoea on the ground and the birds have contact with the cloaca with it, it will cause antiperistalsis and the protozoa will move backwards along the GIT to the caeca. This way, it avoids the stomach.

Chickens are not too badly affected, turkeys will die.

21
Q

What is the main features of the Genus Giardia?

A

Most common enteric protozoan pathogen that infects humans. Bery common in beef, dairy cattle, dogs and cats
Causes acute and chronic diarrhoea

There are 6 species
- G. duodenalis

Located in the small intestine either free in lumen or attached to the mucosa

Divide by binary fission

Have two forms –> Trophozoite: pear shaped, ventral surface is flat, dorsal surface is convex, contain a ventral disc and 4 pairs of flagella. 2 nuclei

Cyst form: oval, 2-4 nuclei, contain axonemes of flagella, fragments of adhesive discs. Be found in environment. Smaller than trophozoite, tough, can contain more than 1 trophozoite.

22
Q

What is the lifecycle of Genus Giardia?

A

Infection of host via infestion of cysts with water or food

Excystation occurs in the stomach when exposed to HCl and pancreatic secretions. Trophozoites excyst fully in small intestine. Divide by dinary fission, invade large areas of intestine, cause pathology.

Encystation of trophozoites occurs in the mid to lower jejunum when exposed to bile salts and pH change (identifies they are close to exiting host, cyst helps them survive)

If the host has diarrhoea, they will not have time to form a cyst and will exit into the environment and die as trophozoite - not resistant

23
Q

What are the main features of Phylum Ciliophora (ciliates)?

A

Contain free living forms
Important for medical and veterinary industries

Contain a lot of cilia, smaller, similar cycle to Genus Giardia

Genus Balantidium –> Balantidium coli

24
Q

What are the main features of Balantidium coli?

A

Host - humans, pigs
Located in the large intestine as a commensal species (do not cause pathology - cannot penetrate host on its own)

If host is healthy - will not cause infection - just sits in intestine

If a lesion of the large intestine occurs - the B. coli enter the lesions causing ulcers and disease

Pigs can be a reservoir for humans

Contain trophozoite and cyst
- Trophozoite: smaller size, oval shape, contain many cilia, peristome that leads to the cytostome and cytopharynx. Contain 2 nuclei (macronucleus and micronucleus), 2 contractile vacuoles and a food vacuole.

  • Cyst: ovid shape, wall is thick, contain a macronucleus, micronucleus, contractile vacuole.
25
Q

What is the lifecycle of Balantidium coli?

A

Hosts become infected via ingestion of cysts

Excystation occurs in the small intestine –> trophozoites move to large intestine and divide by binary fission and conjugation

Encystation occurs when the trophozoites move through the colon or in the environment

Parasitology (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions