Superfamily Ancylostomatoidea Flashcards
What are the general features of Ancylostomatoidea?
Hookworms Anterior ends are bent dorsally Contains buccal capsule Bursa Contain teeth / cutting plates General strongylida eggs Located mainly in small intestine Feed on blood, mucous and tissues Parasites move places and cause more damage Are zoonotic - can infect humans (CLM)
Routes of Infection for Ancylostomatoidea
Transcutaneously
Orally
Milk
What species of Ancylostomatoidea infect dogs?
Ancylostoma caninum, A. brazilense, A. ceylanicum, Unicaria sternocephala
What species of Ancylostomatoidea infect cats?
Anyclostoma tubaeforme, A. brazilense, A. ceylanicum, Uncinaria sternocephala.
Which Ancylostoma species has 3 pairs, 2 pairs and 1 pair of teeth?
A. caninum = 3 pairs of teeth
A. braziliense = 2 pairs of teeth
A. ceylanicum = 1 pair of teeth (2 teeth)
What species has a cutting plate?
Unicinaria stenocephala
Within A. caninum, how much blood per day can one parasite extract?
0.2ml / day / adult –> constantly changing place (4-6 times a day) causes major pathology
What occurs when humans are infected with dog hookworms?
Worms undergo cutaneous larval migration (CLM)
What are the main features of A. caninum?
Infect dogs
Located within small intestine
Have 3 pairs of teeth
Are dorsally bent - anterior end
Very pathogenic and prolific
egg, thin shell, many cell, L1-3 in environment. prefer warm temps.
Can move into the intestine for development (via oral or transcutaneous route) or can arrest within various tissues and reactivate during lactation of females –> infect pups through milk.
Routes of transmission for A. caninum
Transcutaneously - tracheal migration to intestine
Ingestion - direct to intestine
Arrested development within various tissues and can pass via milk
Paratenic host - birds, rats, mice, earthworms.
What is the significance of arrested larvae?
Non pathogenic
Avoid immune system
Can reactivate and infect pups during lactation
Can be a reservoir for adult parasites when they are eliminated.
General lifecycle of hookworms
thin shell, many cells released into environment within faeces.
develop from L1-3 in environemnt, L3 infective stage
can infect paratenic hosts or directly into the definitive host via transcutaneous or oral transmission (or milk of from mother to offspring)
move into intestine where they mature and feed on blood, mucosa and tissues- very pathogenic. mature into adults and produce eggs.
Or can arrest within various tissues and go into hypobiosis.
What are the main features of A. braziliense?
Infects dogs and cats located in small intestine contains 2 pairs of teeth. anterior end bent dorsally Lifecycle similar to general lifecycle. Contain paratenic hosts. Do not have transmammary transmission Transmit via transcutaneous or oral
What are the main features of Unicinara stenocephala?
Infects dogs, cats and foxes
Located in small intestine
contain buccal capsule with cutting plates
Anterior is bent dorsally
Prefer colder temperatures for development
Contain transcutanous, oral, paratenic host transmission. No transmammary
Factors that influence the fate of the larvae (somatic vs intestinal migration)
Age / resistance of host
Temperature L3 were exposed to before infection
When hypobiotic larvae are reactivated, what happens?
Can travel to the mammary glands and infect the puppies (transmammary infection is only within A. caninum)
Can spontaneously reactivate and move into small intestine
What are the main features of A. tubaeforme?
Infect cats
3 pairs of teeth (smaller than A. caninum)
Can live for up to 2 years in environment
Infect via skin, orally or paratenic hosts
What are the hookworms of ruminants?
Bunostomum trigonocephalum - sheep and goats
Bunostomum phlebotomum - cattle
What is the lifecycle of Bunostomum species?
Eggs shed in faeces, L1-3 within environment
Infection of the host with L3 transcutaneously or via pasture (orally).
Transcutaneous infection migrate to the lungs (tracheal migration) before maturing in intestine
Oral infection - directly to intestine where they develop within in the wall before emerging into the lumen
Main features of Bunostomum trigonocephalum?
Infects sheep and goats
Located in the small intestine
Contains cutting plates and a dorsal cone (tooth)
Feeds on blood
Buccal capsule more triangle shaped and big
Transmission transcutaneously and orally
Main features of Bunostomum phlebotomum ?
infects cattle located in small intestine feeds on bloods anterior end is bent dorsally long worm compared to trigonocephalum Shorter dorsal cone Long spicules Transcutaneous and oral transmission
