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Geography-Emer > Summer Exam 2016 > Flashcards

Summer Exam 2016 Flashcards

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1
Q

Clouds at very high altitudes associated with fair weather conditions are known as…

A

Cirrus clouds

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2
Q

Describe and explain how relief rainfall occurs

A
  • Warm moist air moves in from the sea
  • It hits a mountain range and is forced to rise
  • It cools as it rises
  • condensation occurs, clouds form and rain falls
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3
Q

Explain 2 ways that human activity contributes to global warming

A
  • Tropical rainforests are cut down: they absorb CO2 . More CO2 in the atmosphere will trap sun’s heat
  • More CFCs : used in many thing eg. Aerosol sprays. If more in atmosphere, more gases to trap sun’s heat
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4
Q

Cold air in the North Pole creates high pressure

A

True

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5
Q

An anticyclone is associated with cool,wet weather

A

False

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6
Q

Climate is the average condition of the atmosphere over a short period of time

A

False

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7
Q

Areas of low pressure near the equator are known as doldrums

A

True

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8
Q

Depressions often develop over the North Atlantic

A

True

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9
Q

Describe one effect of global warming on Ireland

A

Ireland has a cool temperate climate. Global warming may change that and Ireland would become hotter. This would allow us to grow more crops eg.tomatoes or oranges meaning that more jobs would be made farming and we would export more out of the country

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10
Q

The area of low pressure in the Atlantic is known as a(n)

Depression/Anticyclone

A

Depression

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11
Q

The North Atlantic drift helps to
Increase/Decrease
Temperatures in Ireland in the winter

A

Increase

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12
Q

The Labrador Current/Gulf stream results in cold weather in eastern Canada

A

The Labrador current

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13
Q

The canary current is a
Warm/Cold
Current that flows towards the equator

A

Cold

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14
Q

Cold air is considered to be
heavier/lighter
Than warm air

A

Heavier

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15
Q

Wind that blows from higher latitudes towards the equator are warm/cold

A

Cold

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16
Q

The wind that blows most frequently in Ana real is known at the
Prevailing wind/easterly wind

A

Prevailing wind

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17
Q

Lines on a map joining places of equal pressure

A

Isobars

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18
Q

Lines on a amoe joining places of equal temperature

A

Isotherms

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19
Q

Lines on a map joining places of equal sunshine

A

Isohels

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20
Q

Lines on a map joining places of equal precipitation

A

Isohyets

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21
Q

Explain the water cycle referring to the 4 stages

A

Evaporation: when the heat from the sun heat up the ground water and it turns to water vapour
Condensation: It goes into the clouds, water vapour cools down and it changes to a liquid
Precipitation: happens when the drops get too big, it falls as rain, snow, sleet and hail
Soak age/runoff: returns to the sea in rivers, streams and along the ground

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22
Q

2 cloud types

A

Cirrus

Cumulus

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23
Q

Explain the greenhouse effect

A

When the sun shines, it heats up the earth, 25% gets trapped in gases in the atmosphere , it stops the earth from getting two cold. Gases include nitrogen (78%), oxegen (21%) and carbon dioxide and methane (1%)

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24
Q

Current beside west Australia is

Warm / cold

A

Cold

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25
Q

Current beside east USA is

Warm/ cold

A

Warm

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26
Q

Current beside east USA is the

Labrador current/ North Atlantic drift

A

North Atlantic drift

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27
Q

The prevailing winds in air land are south-westerly

A

True

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28
Q

The average annual temperature in Ireland is 20 degrees Celsius

A

False

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29
Q

Anticyclones are associated with good weather conditions

A

True

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30
Q

The Atlantic Ocean has no influence on weather conditions in Ireland

A

False

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31
Q

Relief rainfall is common on the west coast of Ireland

A

True

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32
Q

White box for weather

A

Stevenson screen

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33
Q

This is measured using a maximum and minimum thermometer

A

Temperature

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34
Q

A hygrometer is used to measure

A

Humidity

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35
Q

2 major gases found in the atmosphere

A

Nitrogen and Oxegen

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36
Q

Explain 2 ways in which the greenhouse effect can be reduced

A

Reduce deforestation: plant more, cut down less, reduces CO2 in atmosphere
Encourage energy conservation : walking instead of driving, turn off lights when not needed

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37
Q

The sun______ sea water and turns it into a gas called water vapour

A

Evaporates

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38
Q

The water vapour rises and cools. It _____ into the tiny droplets that make up clouds

A

Condenses

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39
Q

Further cooling results in ________ (rain, snow, sleet and hail)

A

Precipitation

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40
Q

Rivers and ___ return most of the water to the sea

A

Soakage

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41
Q

What is the piece of equipment that looks like a glass ball

A

Campbell-stokes sunshine recorder

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42
Q

The piece of equipment that looks like a cylinder and a funnel

A

Rain gauge

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43
Q

The piece of equipment that has an arrow, a tail and north, west, east and south

A

Wind vane / weather cock

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44
Q

Explain why a place on the sea side of of mountain (X) could be expected to have higher precipitation than a place on the other side of a mountain (Y)

A

X is on the windward side, moisture laden winds rise and cool forming rain. Y is in the rain shadow. At y the winds descend and absorb moisture while at X the winds ascend and lose moisture

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45
Q

Name and describe 1 ways in which global warming could harm people in the future

A

Sea levels will rise: low-lying areas like the Netherlands will flood which could destroy cities and towns , and could injure/kill people

46
Q

A
Hygrometer/ rain gauge
Is used to measure rainfall levels

A

Rain gauge

47
Q

What is the type of rainfall with 3 arrows going up the a cloud which has rain coming out of it and is in a flat area

A

Conventional rainfall

48
Q

Explain how industrial activities a can cause acid rain

A

Industrial regions have power stations, which burn fossil fuels. They produce sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide which forum acid when mixed with water intake clouds and fall as acid rain

49
Q

The climate experienced between 55 degrees north and the arctic circle is known as

A

Boreal

50
Q

Explain the characteristics of a boreal climate of a boreal climate

A

Summer: 10-15 degrees Celsius, winter: -25 degrees Celsius,low precipitation : 400mm per year, Taiga: evergreen coniferous forest (needles-no moisture loss, roots- shallow and spread far for moisture over permafrost, cone shape-snow slides off, thick bark-retains moisture and cold wind), mink bear Wolfe and eagle, few people- miners , foresters , Sami (Europe’s last tribe, more than 50,000 in Lapland most are urban dwellers), forests cut down for chipboard demand

51
Q

Name an area which experiences severe drought and explain why drought occurs in the is area

A

El Centro, Southern California , lack of rainfall: only 72mm per year

52
Q

Describe and explain the impacts of drought on human activity in el Centro

A
  • Crops cannot grow, produce is imported, farmers lose their jobs, nothing to sell
  • Outbreak of disease , lack of water for sanitation purposes
53
Q

Climate in North Eurasia

A

Cold-tundra

54
Q

Climate in North Africa

A

Hot

Hot dessert

55
Q

Climate in Northern South America

A

Hot

Equatorial

56
Q

One hot climate

A

Hot dessert

57
Q

One temperate climate

A

Warm temperate (Mediterranean)

58
Q

One cold climate

A

Boreal

59
Q

How latitude affects climate

A
  • Refers to distance north or south of the equator

- in general higher latitude=colder

60
Q

Explain how climate has hindered the development of one named developing country

A

Ethiopia.Lack of rain.led to drought.no irrigation schemes.led to desertification.caused major migration. No labor force = unattractive for industries

61
Q

3 effects which a severe shortage of rain might have on the development of a country such as Somalia

A

Famine: crops won’t grow, more important, higher death rate, farmers lose jobs
Land destroyed: Millions of hectares destroyed. Soil dried out and eventually blew away
Migration: People leave to go to towns and cities. Become overcrowded and polluted

62
Q

“Climate helps to make some parts of Europe attractive to tourists”.Explain this statement, referring to one European country or region which you have studied

A

Spain ha mass tourism, mostly because of climate. In Mediterranean-hot dry summers. Suits people from Northern Europe, higher temperatures than most of Europe , longer hours of sunshine than in Western Europe.

63
Q

Explain why the percentage of population in the 0-14 years age group in Brazil is significantly higher than in Germany

A

Less people are being born in Germany because of planned families and a lot of families not having children, while in Brazil the birth rate is high and increasing

64
Q

A pull factor is

A

Job opportunities

65
Q

A push factor is

A

War

66
Q

A barrier to migration is

A

Immigration laws

67
Q

Explain 2 reasons why life expectancy is higher in some countries

A

Health- some countries have less disease; less people die, low death rate and life expectancy higher
War-Many fatalities in country with war, many people die, cause a high death rate and a shorter life expectancy

68
Q

Describe 2 effects of very low population density in a region that you have studied

A

West of Ireland.
Rural depopulation, rural-to-urban migration : emigration to Dublin and other cities, caused recent economic crisis which leads to low birth rates
Not industrialized, not attractive to industry , no labor force, few employment opportunities

69
Q

What name is given to the diagram which shows population change in stages 1-5?

A

The population cycle

70
Q

Why does the death rate fluctuate in stage 1?

A

Famine, disease and natural disasters

71
Q

Why does the death rate decline rapidly in stage 2?

A

The economy improves. Money spent on healthcare and clean water

72
Q

Why is there a natural decrease in population in stage 5?

A

Death rate higher than birth rate because people have few, if any children in planned families

73
Q

Country where population pyramid is a bit thicker at base and goes in and out through the ages

A

Ireland

74
Q

The country where the population pyramid is looks like a triangle

A

Brazil

75
Q

Explain 1 reason why Brazil’s population pyramid has a thicker base than Ireland’s

A

Brazil has a growing, high birth rate , which means that in the past years, more children have been born which means that Brazil has a larger 0-5 years category than Ireland Ethan has a much smaller birth rate in recent years

76
Q

2 ways that governments use population pyramid

A
  • to show where health facilities eg. Nursing homes have to be built according to where has the highest old age group
  • to show where education centers eg. Primary schools need to be built according to where has the highest young age group
77
Q

Name 1 reason why world population began to rise from the 1800s onwards

A

New farming methods produced more food to feed more, less people died

78
Q

Explain 2 problems associated with the predicted world growth of population

A
  • more pressure on basic resources : eg. Land will become infertile and overgrazed resulting in famine
  • shortage of housing: more shanty towns will continue to develop. People will lack clean water, sewage disposal and electricity . Lack of water for sanitation purposes will cause the spread of disease
79
Q

Hong Kong has a low population density

A

False

80
Q

Air pollution from traffic is a big problem in Hong Kong

A

True

81
Q

The harbor waters in Hong Kong are very polluted

A

True

82
Q

Hong Kong has plenty of open spaces

A

False

83
Q

Many of the people in Hong Kong live in high-rise apartments

A

True

84
Q

Name 2 ways in which governments use population pyramids

A
  • to forecast tax and pension needs

- to plan where to build schools,hospitals etc.

85
Q

What is population density

A

The number of people per square kilometer

86
Q

What is population distribution?

A

The spread of people in any given area

87
Q

What is the birth rate?

A

The number of births per 1000 of the population in one year

88
Q

What is population explosion?

A

Very rapid population growth

89
Q

Describe 2 major differences between the population structures of Brazil and Germany

A
  • The base of Brazil pyramid is very wide compared to the base of Germany’s pyramid. This shows that the birth rate is Brazil is very high and that the birth rate in Germany is pretty low.
  • the top of Germany’s pyramid is small, while Brazil’s is very small, this shows us that Germany’s death rate is also low, but Brazil’s is still high.
90
Q

Describe 2 major problems in Kolkata due to high population density

A
  • overcrowding: shantee towns, called “bustees”, are homes made of cardboard, metal, wood and plastic. They lack clean water, sewage disposal and electricity
  • pavement dwellers: many migrants living on the street due to a lack of housing and space
91
Q

Explain how soils influence population density

A

Fertile soils tend to attract population growth eg. Poductive alluvial soils of south east Asia , while places like the west of Ireland with rocky infertile soils tend to be abandoned because farming cannot be productive there

92
Q

Explain how mineral wealth influences population density

A

Many areas with productive mines are heavily populated as jobs can be offered in the mine eg. Sambre Meuse, North East France

93
Q

2 problems caused by low population density which affect Mali

A
  • Irrigation: Schemes needed to help agricultural production, but there are too little people, should be installed somewhere with a lot of people to obtain maximum usage
  • Lack of services: Too little people to set up schools in every village, so people travel far, also with hospitals etc.
94
Q

Explain why the 0-14 year age group is higher in Brazil than in Germany

A

The birth rate in Brazil is significantly higher than in Germany, because of unplanned, large families, while in Germany most families are planned with few kids, if any

95
Q

Describe Two effects of the Ulster plantation

A
  • language: the Irish language declined and English replaced it, people passed it on and most people in Ireland’s first language is English now
  • religion: many people in the north became Protestant , while the usual was Catholic and have passed their religion down and their families still are today
96
Q

Emigration

A

The movement of people out of a specific area to live somewhere else

97
Q

Immigration

A

The movement of people into an area to live, from somewhere else

98
Q

Explain why organized migration happens with an example

A

For a government to extend its territory and its power, by taking over the area eg. English monarchs took over parts of Irish land and gave it to English and Scottish settlers

99
Q

Life expectancy

A

The number of years a person can expect to live

100
Q

Explain why life expectancy will be longer in 2050

A

Further improvements in medical technology and treatments are being developed which are likely to be in use by 2050, thus lengthening the life expectancy

101
Q

Land that has been reclaimed from the sea is known as

A

A polder

102
Q

A country that has reclaimed land from the sea is

A

The Netherlands

103
Q

Settlements on reclaimed land are usually arranged in
Planned/ unplanned
Patterns

A

Planned

104
Q

Coastal erosion

A

A cliff is a vertical drop on the coastas seen in the diagram, a notch is cut in the headland, this is by hydraulic action and abrasion. As the notch gets deeper, the overhang collapses. This happens again and again and the cliff retreats. A gently sloping surface between the high tide mark and the low tide mark forms called the “wave-cut platform “.eg.Cliffs of Moher, Co.clare

105
Q

Sea arches, stacks and stuns are found on the west of Ireland

A

True

106
Q

Ridges of high ground that separate reclaimed land from existing seashores are called
Drainage ditches/ dykes

A

Dykes

107
Q

Coastal deposition

A

A tombolo is a ridge of sand/shingle which connects an island to a coastline. When a sand-spit occurs,but links and island to a bay - as seen in the diagram, rather than stretching across a bay. This happens when longshore drift deposits sand / single and it build up over the water. Eg. How the, co.Dublin.

108
Q

Name and briefly explain 1 way that people use coastal areas

A

Toursism: in some coastal areas, sandy beaches form, which attract tourists eg. Donate Beach Co.Dublin

109
Q

Name and briefly explain 1 way that people pollute coastal areas

A

Domestically: oil tankers may crash at sea, spilling oil, é which is washed ashore killing birds

110
Q

Explain 2 processes of erosion

A

Hydraulic action: the erosive force of water in breaking waves as they strike the coast
Abrasion: the force of rocks and stones , which are carried by waves and hurled against the coast.

Geography-Emer (10 decks)

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