Summer Exam 2016 Flashcards
1
Q
Clouds at very high altitudes associated with fair weather conditions are known as…
A
Cirrus clouds
2
Q
Describe and explain how relief rainfall occurs
A
- Warm moist air moves in from the sea
- It hits a mountain range and is forced to rise
- It cools as it rises
- condensation occurs, clouds form and rain falls
3
Q
Explain 2 ways that human activity contributes to global warming
A
- Tropical rainforests are cut down: they absorb CO2 . More CO2 in the atmosphere will trap sun’s heat
- More CFCs : used in many thing eg. Aerosol sprays. If more in atmosphere, more gases to trap sun’s heat
4
Q
Cold air in the North Pole creates high pressure
A
True
5
Q
An anticyclone is associated with cool,wet weather
A
False
6
Q
Climate is the average condition of the atmosphere over a short period of time
A
False
7
Q
Areas of low pressure near the equator are known as doldrums
A
True
8
Q
Depressions often develop over the North Atlantic
A
True
9
Q
Describe one effect of global warming on Ireland
A
Ireland has a cool temperate climate. Global warming may change that and Ireland would become hotter. This would allow us to grow more crops eg.tomatoes or oranges meaning that more jobs would be made farming and we would export more out of the country
10
Q
The area of low pressure in the Atlantic is known as a(n)
Depression/Anticyclone
A
Depression
11
Q
The North Atlantic drift helps to
Increase/Decrease
Temperatures in Ireland in the winter
A
Increase
12
Q
The Labrador Current/Gulf stream results in cold weather in eastern Canada
A
The Labrador current
13
Q
The canary current is a
Warm/Cold
Current that flows towards the equator
A
Cold
14
Q
Cold air is considered to be
heavier/lighter
Than warm air
A
Heavier
15
Q
Wind that blows from higher latitudes towards the equator are warm/cold
A
Cold
16
Q
The wind that blows most frequently in Ana real is known at the
Prevailing wind/easterly wind
A
Prevailing wind
17
Q
Lines on a map joining places of equal pressure
A
Isobars
18
Q
Lines on a amoe joining places of equal temperature
A
Isotherms
19
Q
Lines on a map joining places of equal sunshine
A
Isohels
20
Q
Lines on a map joining places of equal precipitation
A
Isohyets
21
Q
Explain the water cycle referring to the 4 stages
A
Evaporation: when the heat from the sun heat up the ground water and it turns to water vapour
Condensation: It goes into the clouds, water vapour cools down and it changes to a liquid
Precipitation: happens when the drops get too big, it falls as rain, snow, sleet and hail
Soak age/runoff: returns to the sea in rivers, streams and along the ground
22
Q
2 cloud types
A
Cirrus
Cumulus
23
Q
Explain the greenhouse effect
A
When the sun shines, it heats up the earth, 25% gets trapped in gases in the atmosphere , it stops the earth from getting two cold. Gases include nitrogen (78%), oxegen (21%) and carbon dioxide and methane (1%)
24
Q
Current beside west Australia is
Warm / cold
A
Cold
25
Current beside east USA is
| Warm/ cold
Warm
26
Current beside east USA is the
| Labrador current/ North Atlantic drift
North Atlantic drift
27
The prevailing winds in air land are south-westerly
True
28
The average annual temperature in Ireland is 20 degrees Celsius
False
29
Anticyclones are associated with good weather conditions
True
30
The Atlantic Ocean has no influence on weather conditions in Ireland
False
31
Relief rainfall is common on the west coast of Ireland
True
32
White box for weather
Stevenson screen
33
This is measured using a maximum and minimum thermometer
Temperature
34
A hygrometer is used to measure
Humidity
35
2 major gases found in the atmosphere
Nitrogen and Oxegen
36
Explain 2 ways in which the greenhouse effect can be reduced
Reduce deforestation: plant more, cut down less, reduces CO2 in atmosphere
Encourage energy conservation : walking instead of driving, turn off lights when not needed
37
The sun______ sea water and turns it into a gas called water vapour
Evaporates
38
The water vapour rises and cools. It _____ into the tiny droplets that make up clouds
Condenses
39
Further cooling results in ________ (rain, snow, sleet and hail)
Precipitation
40
Rivers and ___ return most of the water to the sea
Soakage
41
What is the piece of equipment that looks like a glass ball
Campbell-stokes sunshine recorder
42
The piece of equipment that looks like a cylinder and a funnel
Rain gauge
43
The piece of equipment that has an arrow, a tail and north, west, east and south
Wind vane / weather cock
44
Explain why a place on the sea side of of mountain (X) could be expected to have higher precipitation than a place on the other side of a mountain (Y)
X is on the windward side, moisture laden winds rise and cool forming rain. Y is in the rain shadow. At y the winds descend and absorb moisture while at X the winds ascend and lose moisture
45
Name and describe 1 ways in which global warming could harm people in the future
Sea levels will rise: low-lying areas like the Netherlands will flood which could destroy cities and towns , and could injure/kill people
46
A
Hygrometer/ rain gauge
Is used to measure rainfall levels
Rain gauge
47
What is the type of rainfall with 3 arrows going up the a cloud which has rain coming out of it and is in a flat area
Conventional rainfall
48
Explain how industrial activities a can cause acid rain
Industrial regions have power stations, which burn fossil fuels. They produce sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide which forum acid when mixed with water intake clouds and fall as acid rain
49
The climate experienced between 55 degrees north and the arctic circle is known as
Boreal
50
Explain the characteristics of a boreal climate of a boreal climate
Summer: 10-15 degrees Celsius, winter: -25 degrees Celsius,low precipitation : 400mm per year, Taiga: evergreen coniferous forest (needles-no moisture loss, roots- shallow and spread far for moisture over permafrost, cone shape-snow slides off, thick bark-retains moisture and cold wind), mink bear Wolfe and eagle, few people- miners , foresters , Sami (Europe's last tribe, more than 50,000 in Lapland most are urban dwellers), forests cut down for chipboard demand
51
Name an area which experiences severe drought and explain why drought occurs in the is area
El Centro, Southern California , lack of rainfall: only 72mm per year
52
Describe and explain the impacts of drought on human activity in el Centro
- Crops cannot grow, produce is imported, farmers lose their jobs, nothing to sell
- Outbreak of disease , lack of water for sanitation purposes
53
Climate in North Eurasia
Cold-tundra
54
Climate in North Africa
Hot
| Hot dessert
55
Climate in Northern South America
Hot
| Equatorial
56
One hot climate
Hot dessert
57
One temperate climate
Warm temperate (Mediterranean)
58
One cold climate
Boreal
59
How latitude affects climate
- Refers to distance north or south of the equator
| - in general higher latitude=colder
60
Explain how climate has hindered the development of one named developing country
Ethiopia.Lack of rain.led to drought.no irrigation schemes.led to desertification.caused major migration. No labor force = unattractive for industries
61
3 effects which a severe shortage of rain might have on the development of a country such as Somalia
Famine: crops won't grow, more important, higher death rate, farmers lose jobs
Land destroyed: Millions of hectares destroyed. Soil dried out and eventually blew away
Migration: People leave to go to towns and cities. Become overcrowded and polluted
62
"Climate helps to make some parts of Europe attractive to tourists".Explain this statement, referring to one European country or region which you have studied
Spain ha mass tourism, mostly because of climate. In Mediterranean-hot dry summers. Suits people from Northern Europe, higher temperatures than most of Europe , longer hours of sunshine than in Western Europe.
63
Explain why the percentage of population in the 0-14 years age group in Brazil is significantly higher than in Germany
Less people are being born in Germany because of planned families and a lot of families not having children, while in Brazil the birth rate is high and increasing
64
A pull factor is
Job opportunities
65
A push factor is
War
66
A barrier to migration is
Immigration laws
67
Explain 2 reasons why life expectancy is higher in some countries
Health- some countries have less disease; less people die, low death rate and life expectancy higher
War-Many fatalities in country with war, many people die, cause a high death rate and a shorter life expectancy
68
Describe 2 effects of very low population density in a region that you have studied
West of Ireland.
Rural depopulation, rural-to-urban migration : emigration to Dublin and other cities, caused recent economic crisis which leads to low birth rates
Not industrialized, not attractive to industry , no labor force, few employment opportunities
69
What name is given to the diagram which shows population change in stages 1-5?
The population cycle
70
Why does the death rate fluctuate in stage 1?
Famine, disease and natural disasters
71
Why does the death rate decline rapidly in stage 2?
The economy improves. Money spent on healthcare and clean water
72
Why is there a natural decrease in population in stage 5?
Death rate higher than birth rate because people have few, if any children in planned families
73
Country where population pyramid is a bit thicker at base and goes in and out through the ages
Ireland
74
The country where the population pyramid is looks like a triangle
Brazil
75
Explain 1 reason why Brazil's population pyramid has a thicker base than Ireland's
Brazil has a growing, high birth rate , which means that in the past years, more children have been born which means that Brazil has a larger 0-5 years category than Ireland Ethan has a much smaller birth rate in recent years
76
2 ways that governments use population pyramid
- to show where health facilities eg. Nursing homes have to be built according to where has the highest old age group
- to show where education centers eg. Primary schools need to be built according to where has the highest young age group
77
Name 1 reason why world population began to rise from the 1800s onwards
New farming methods produced more food to feed more, less people died
78
Explain 2 problems associated with the predicted world growth of population
- more pressure on basic resources : eg. Land will become infertile and overgrazed resulting in famine
- shortage of housing: more shanty towns will continue to develop. People will lack clean water, sewage disposal and electricity . Lack of water for sanitation purposes will cause the spread of disease
79
Hong Kong has a low population density
False
80
Air pollution from traffic is a big problem in Hong Kong
True
81
The harbor waters in Hong Kong are very polluted
True
82
Hong Kong has plenty of open spaces
False
83
Many of the people in Hong Kong live in high-rise apartments
True
84
Name 2 ways in which governments use population pyramids
- to forecast tax and pension needs
| - to plan where to build schools,hospitals etc.
85
What is population density
The number of people per square kilometer
86
What is population distribution?
The spread of people in any given area
87
What is the birth rate?
The number of births per 1000 of the population in one year
88
What is population explosion?
Very rapid population growth
89
Describe 2 major differences between the population structures of Brazil and Germany
- The base of Brazil pyramid is very wide compared to the base of Germany's pyramid. This shows that the birth rate is Brazil is very high and that the birth rate in Germany is pretty low.
- the top of Germany's pyramid is small, while Brazil's is very small, this shows us that Germany's death rate is also low, but Brazil's is still high.
90
Describe 2 major problems in Kolkata due to high population density
- overcrowding: shantee towns, called "bustees", are homes made of cardboard, metal, wood and plastic. They lack clean water, sewage disposal and electricity
- pavement dwellers: many migrants living on the street due to a lack of housing and space
91
Explain how soils influence population density
Fertile soils tend to attract population growth eg. Poductive alluvial soils of south east Asia , while places like the west of Ireland with rocky infertile soils tend to be abandoned because farming cannot be productive there
92
Explain how mineral wealth influences population density
Many areas with productive mines are heavily populated as jobs can be offered in the mine eg. Sambre Meuse, North East France
93
2 problems caused by low population density which affect Mali
- Irrigation: Schemes needed to help agricultural production, but there are too little people, should be installed somewhere with a lot of people to obtain maximum usage
- Lack of services: Too little people to set up schools in every village, so people travel far, also with hospitals etc.
94
Explain why the 0-14 year age group is higher in Brazil than in Germany
The birth rate in Brazil is significantly higher than in Germany, because of unplanned, large families, while in Germany most families are planned with few kids, if any
95
Describe Two effects of the Ulster plantation
- language: the Irish language declined and English replaced it, people passed it on and most people in Ireland's first language is English now
- religion: many people in the north became Protestant , while the usual was Catholic and have passed their religion down and their families still are today
96
Emigration
The movement of people out of a specific area to live somewhere else
97
Immigration
The movement of people into an area to live, from somewhere else
98
Explain why organized migration happens with an example
For a government to extend its territory and its power, by taking over the area eg. English monarchs took over parts of Irish land and gave it to English and Scottish settlers
99
Life expectancy
The number of years a person can expect to live
100
Explain why life expectancy will be longer in 2050
Further improvements in medical technology and treatments are being developed which are likely to be in use by 2050, thus lengthening the life expectancy
101
Land that has been reclaimed from the sea is known as
A polder
102
A country that has reclaimed land from the sea is
The Netherlands
103
Settlements on reclaimed land are usually arranged in
Planned/ unplanned
Patterns
Planned
104
Coastal erosion
A cliff is a vertical drop on the coastas seen in the diagram, a notch is cut in the headland, this is by hydraulic action and abrasion. As the notch gets deeper, the overhang collapses. This happens again and again and the cliff retreats. A gently sloping surface between the high tide mark and the low tide mark forms called the "wave-cut platform ".eg.Cliffs of Moher, Co.clare
105
Sea arches, stacks and stuns are found on the west of Ireland
True
106
Ridges of high ground that separate reclaimed land from existing seashores are called
Drainage ditches/ dykes
Dykes
107
Coastal deposition
A tombolo is a ridge of sand/shingle which connects an island to a coastline. When a sand-spit occurs,but links and island to a bay - as seen in the diagram, rather than stretching across a bay. This happens when longshore drift deposits sand / single and it build up over the water. Eg. How the, co.Dublin.
108
Name and briefly explain 1 way that people use coastal areas
Toursism: in some coastal areas, sandy beaches form, which attract tourists eg. Donate Beach Co.Dublin
109
Name and briefly explain 1 way that people pollute coastal areas
Domestically: oil tankers may crash at sea, spilling oil, é which is washed ashore killing birds
110
Explain 2 processes of erosion
Hydraulic action: the erosive force of water in breaking waves as they strike the coast
Abrasion: the force of rocks and stones , which are carried by waves and hurled against the coast.
