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Pharmacology > Summary for final > Flashcards

Summary for final Flashcards

1
Q

Ephedrine

A

Alpha1 mimetic
- Vasoconstriction on peripheral vessels and dilation on large
- Heart rate increases
- Contractility increases

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2
Q

Ergot alkaloid

A

Alpha1 BLOCKER
- Toxins from parasitic fungus in grains
- Severe and chronic poisonings

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3
Q

Beta Adrenoblockers

A

Heart rate and contractility decrease
- Broncho constriction
>Do not use with asthmatics

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4
Q

Precautions of Beta adrenoblockers

A

Heart diseases!
- Negative inotropic, chronotropic and dromotropic actions
- Heart rate drop
Do not use with patients with asthma or respiratory problems (bronchoconstriction)

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5
Q

Clinical use of Betablockers

A

Reduces the heart workload (chronic heart failure)
Arrhythmia treatments
When hypertension - reduces it
- Myocardial infarction

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6
Q

Parasympathomimetics / - Lytics

A

Muscarinic receptors:
- Postganglionic parasympathetic
neuroeffector junction + blood
vessels
Nicotinic receptors
- Autonomic ganglia, adrenal medulla chromaffin cells and neuromuscular junction of somatic nervous system

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7
Q

Effects of parasympathomimetics in organs and organ systems

A

Decrease in blood pressure,
Bronchial contraction
Constriction of smooth muscles (uterus-rupture, miscarriage)
Miosis

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8
Q

Indirect acting cholinomimetics

A

Act through acetylcholine metabolism
Cholinesterase inhibitors
- Acetylcholine accumulates and
causes the mimetic effect

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9
Q

Organophosphorous compounds

A

Indirect acting cholinomimetics
IRREVERSIBLE!
Pesticides, insectisides, punkkipannat, ectoparasitics

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10
Q

Antidote for organophosphorous compounds and indirect acting cholinomimetics?

A

Atropine

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11
Q

Toxication and counterindications of parasympathomimetics

A

Skeletal muscle weakness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bradycardia

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12
Q

Atropine

A

Acts competitively with acetylcholine
Reversible block of muscarinic receptors
Reduces parasympathetic effects
Good distribution and absorption

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13
Q

Antinicotinic agents

A

Skeletal muscle relaxants
Neuromuscular blocking agents
Depolarising and nondepolarising
- Blocks neurotransmission between the neuron and muscle
- General anesthesia
- Orthopedic manipulations

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14
Q

Effects of antimuscarinic agents on organs and organ systems

A

“Don’t digest” -> Secretion decreases
- Increase HR
- Increase luminal diameter of bronchi

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15
Q

Biological role of histamine

A

Sleep-wake cycle
Energy metabolism
Behavior
Endocrine functions
Vestibular system (vomiting)

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16
Q

Effects of histamine

A

Dilation of peripheral capillaries
- Increased permeability
- Edema
- Bronchial contraction

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17
Q

Pathological effect of histamine

A

Edema
- Large dose > Anaphylactic shock
- Smooth muscle contraction

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18
Q

H1 blockers

A

ANTIHISTAMINES for allergic reactions
1st generation: sedative side effect
2nd generation: sm relax
- More lumen diameter in bronchi
- not to be administered subcutaneously! irritant to tissues

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19
Q

H2 blockers

A

Glands -> Gastric ulcers
Decreases the secretion of HCl + Pepsin

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20
Q

A2 adrenomimetics

A

Act in adrenergic synapses
- Used combined with sedative
1. Zylasine: analgesia, sedative,
muscle relaxation
2. Medetomidine: analgesia similar
to morphine, good muscle
relaxation, decreases arterial Bp,
slows down HR, lowers RR, inhibits
salivation

21
Q

Contraindications + caution with a2 adrenomimetics

A
  • Ruminants very sensitive!
  • Do not administer with adrenalin!
    They make heart sensitive to it
  • Not to be administered in
    pregnant animals -> Contraction
    of uterus
22
Q

Neuroleptics

A

Antipsychotics!
Overall depressant effect on CNS - absorb well
- Main effect related to dopamine blocking effect (dopamine is noradrenalin precursor)
- Block Central and peripheral effects of catecholamines

23
Q

Effects of Neuroleptics

A

Peripheral vasodilation
Arterial hypotension
RR depressing
Good muscle relaxation
Alter thermoregulation
Decrease platelet aggregation
Makes general anesthetics more potent
NO ANALGESIA

24
Q

Tranquilizers

A

Substances that weaken negative emotions in addition to having sedative, antiepileptic and muscle relaxant effects
1. Muscle relaxant sedative
tranquilizers like derivatives of
benzodiazepine: Diazepam,
Midazolam

25
Q

Effects of tranquilizers

A

Reduce cerebral blood flow
Minimal cardiovascular depression
Muscle relaxation
Reduce neuronal transmission
GABA-receptor binding

26
Q

Antidepressants

A

Used to reduce separation anxiety in dogs
Fluoxetine (reconcile)
- Selective serotonin reuptake
inhibitor
Clomipramine
- Nonselective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

27
Q

Toxicity of neuroleptics

A

Vasodilation
Decreased thermoregulation, Decreases platelet aggregation

28
Q

Toxicity of Tranquilizers

A

Transient period of agitation, vocalisation

29
Q

Contraindications of tranquilizers and neuroleptics

A

Hypovolemic patients
Patients hypersensitive to benzodiazepines
Hepatic dysfunctions

30
Q

Pharmacokinetics / dynamics of opioids

A

Lipophilic, penetrate barriers well
Good distribution
Antiemetic, depression of CNS
Respiratory depression
Good analgesia - lessens nociceptal signal transmission

31
Q

Toxicity and side effects of opioids

A

Strong depression of CNS
Coma
Respiratory depression
Death resulting from respiratory arrest

32
Q

Opioid receptors

A

Myy receptors: Myy 1 and Myy2
Partial and full agonist

33
Q

general use of opioids

A

Analgesia
Sedation
Antitussive
Antiemetic/Emetic

34
Q

General effects of opioids on different organ systems

A

Analgesia - full and partial agonists
Antitussive, antiemetic, antidiarrheal
Miosis/Mydriasis depending on species

35
Q

Local anesthetics: lidocaine

A

Used for block, infiltration, epidural and topical anesthesia
Blocks the ion channels
Antiarrhythmic

36
Q

Local anesthetics: Procaine

A

Used for infiltration, epidural and paravertebral anesthesia
Antiarrhythmic

37
Q

Side effects and toxicity of local anesthetics

A

We want to give such a small amount that it does not effect systematically
- Stimulate the CNS - after which CNS depression
- Respiratory arrest, heart rate lowers
- Cats are more sensitive

38
Q

Pharmacokinetics / dynamics of inhalation anesthetics

A

High lipid solubility -> penetrate brain
Amnesia, analgesia, unconsciousness, depression of CNS, immobility
Alveolar ventilation decreases with all inhalation anesthetics

39
Q

Toxicity and side effects of inhalation anesthetics

A

Airway irritation
Hepatocellular injury
CNS depression

40
Q

Barbiturate effects on organ systems

A

CNS depression
Cardiovascular effects: decreases stroke volume
Decreases myocardial contractility
Respiratory depression
NO ANALGESIA! - only during unconsciousness

41
Q

Propofol effects

A

Muscle relaxation, sedation, induction, maintenance of anesthesia, treatment of epilepsy
Respiratory decreasing

42
Q

Ketamin and its effects and toxicity

A

Dissociative anesthetic
Respiratory depression
Increase heart rate
Analgesia
Used combining with muscle relaxants or general anesthetics

43
Q

Prostaglandin

A

Cyclooxygenases synthesise prostaglandins from arachidonic acid

44
Q

COX1, COX2

A

Housekeeping mechanism
Inflammation induces Cox2

45
Q

Toxicity and side effects of NSAIDS

A

Ulcers, blood coagulation inhibiting, allergy (skin reactions)
Cats have only little glucuronyl transferase - duration of action is long and risk of side effects is high

46
Q

Biological role of glucocorticoids

A

Protein metabolism - catabolism
Fat metabolism
Lipolysis
Increases gluconeogenesis - ketosis in cattle

47
Q

Anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids

A

Inhibition of inflammatory mediators - reduce tissue reactions
Classic signs of inflammation disappear

48
Q
A

Pharmacology (18 decks)

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