Summary for final Flashcards
Ephedrine
Alpha1 mimetic
- Vasoconstriction on peripheral vessels and dilation on large
- Heart rate increases
- Contractility increases
Ergot alkaloid
Alpha1 BLOCKER
- Toxins from parasitic fungus in grains
- Severe and chronic poisonings
Beta Adrenoblockers
Heart rate and contractility decrease
- Broncho constriction
>Do not use with asthmatics
Precautions of Beta adrenoblockers
Heart diseases!
- Negative inotropic, chronotropic and dromotropic actions
- Heart rate drop
Do not use with patients with asthma or respiratory problems (bronchoconstriction)
Clinical use of Betablockers
Reduces the heart workload (chronic heart failure)
Arrhythmia treatments
When hypertension - reduces it
- Myocardial infarction
Parasympathomimetics / - Lytics
Muscarinic receptors:
- Postganglionic parasympathetic
neuroeffector junction + blood
vessels
Nicotinic receptors
- Autonomic ganglia, adrenal medulla chromaffin cells and neuromuscular junction of somatic nervous system
Effects of parasympathomimetics in organs and organ systems
Decrease in blood pressure,
Bronchial contraction
Constriction of smooth muscles (uterus-rupture, miscarriage)
Miosis
Indirect acting cholinomimetics
Act through acetylcholine metabolism
Cholinesterase inhibitors
- Acetylcholine accumulates and
causes the mimetic effect
Organophosphorous compounds
Indirect acting cholinomimetics
IRREVERSIBLE!
Pesticides, insectisides, punkkipannat, ectoparasitics
Antidote for organophosphorous compounds and indirect acting cholinomimetics?
Atropine
Toxication and counterindications of parasympathomimetics
Skeletal muscle weakness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bradycardia
Atropine
Acts competitively with acetylcholine
Reversible block of muscarinic receptors
Reduces parasympathetic effects
Good distribution and absorption
Antinicotinic agents
Skeletal muscle relaxants
Neuromuscular blocking agents
Depolarising and nondepolarising
- Blocks neurotransmission between the neuron and muscle
- General anesthesia
- Orthopedic manipulations
Effects of antimuscarinic agents on organs and organ systems
“Don’t digest” -> Secretion decreases
- Increase HR
- Increase luminal diameter of bronchi
Biological role of histamine
Sleep-wake cycle
Energy metabolism
Behavior
Endocrine functions
Vestibular system (vomiting)
Effects of histamine
Dilation of peripheral capillaries
- Increased permeability
- Edema
- Bronchial contraction
Pathological effect of histamine
Edema
- Large dose > Anaphylactic shock
- Smooth muscle contraction
H1 blockers
ANTIHISTAMINES for allergic reactions
1st generation: sedative side effect
2nd generation: sm relax
- More lumen diameter in bronchi
- not to be administered subcutaneously! irritant to tissues
H2 blockers
Glands -> Gastric ulcers
Decreases the secretion of HCl + Pepsin