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Pharmacology > General anesthetics > Flashcards

General anesthetics Flashcards

1
Q

General anesthesia

A

Condition characterised by loss of sensation, unconsciousness, loss of control reflexes, absence of muscle tone.
Important functions are maintained
- Reversible

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2
Q

Narcosis

A

Also used in reference to medical general anesthesia - other sources claim it to be only a term from criminal field
>Signifies slow-down in vital functions

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3
Q

What is general anesthesia based on

A

Inhibition of synaptic transmission mechanisms
>Cell membrane permeability to NA ions is reduced
>Postsynaptic membrane stabilisation will occur
>Capability of neurons to generate impulses in response to stimulus is reduced

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4
Q

Types of inhalation general anesthetics

A

Volatile
- Halothane
- Isoflurane
- Methoxyflurane
Gaseous
- Nitrous oxide (laughing gas)

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5
Q

Effects of inhalation anesthetics on CNS

A

Generalised CNS depression
Unconsciousness, amnesia, analgesia, immobility and suppression of autonomic reflexes

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6
Q

Effect of inhalation anesthetics on respiratory system

A

Depression of alveolar ventilation

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7
Q

Effect of inhalation anesthetics on cardiovascular system

A

All volatile anesthetics decrease cardiac output and depress myocardial contractility
Decrease in arterial blood pressure
May sensitise heart to arrhythmogenic effects of catecholamines

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8
Q

Effect of volatile anesthetics on kidneys

A

All reduce renal blood flow and glomerular filtration

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9
Q

Halothane

A

Clear, volatile liquid
Does not irritate the respiratory tract
Depresses CNS in dose-related manner
Cerebral blood flow increases - may result in increase in cerebrospinal fluid pressure
Drowsiness for several hours after halothane anesthesia
Reduces heart rate and bp
Sensitivity to blood loss increases
Nefrotoxic
Hepatic dysfunction most often associated with halothane

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10
Q

Isoflurane

A

Causes less cerebral vasodilation than halothane
Bp drops - risk of arrhythmia
Depresses respiration
Risk of liver damage -less than halothane
Nefrotoxic

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11
Q

Nitrous oxide

A

Colorless, nonirritant
Not a potent anesthetic
Causes an increase in cerebral blood flow, cerebral metabolic rate and intracranial pressure
Not to be used with ruminants - mixes with gases inside rumen

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12
Q

Injectable general anesthetics

A

Propofol
Dissociative general anesthetics
- Ketamine
- Tiletamine
Etomidate
Barbiturates
- Pentobarbital
Alfaxalone

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13
Q

Propofol interacts with which receptors

A

GABA and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors

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14
Q

Where does propofol metabolism occur

A

Rapidly and extensively in liver,
except in cats extrahepatic metabolism occurs in pulmonary tissue

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15
Q

IV anesthetic effect on cardiovascular system

A

Decrease in arterial pressure
More profound in hypovolemic, geriatric or compromised left ventricular function patients

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16
Q

What can repeated daily administration of propofol induce in cats

A

Oxidative injuries to RBCs
- Heinz body formation
- Facial edema
- Anorexia
- Diarrhea

17
Q

Mechanism of action of ketamine

A

Effect across opiate and GABA receptors, blocks a number of mediatory systems.
Produces dissociation of thalamocortical and limbic systems, causing an change in awareness

18
Q

Effect of Ketamine on CNS

A

Cataleptic state in which patient appears to be awake, but doesn’t respond to external stimuli
>Abnormal behavior may occur during recovery, which can be avoided with administration of CNS depressants (benzodiazepines)

19
Q

Effect of ketamine on Cardiovascular system

A

Increased arterial pressure, heart rate and cardiac output
- Direct stimulation of CNS leads to
increased sympathetic outflow

20
Q

Effect of ketamine on respiratory system

A

When administered together with CNS depressants, respiratory depression occurs
Causes bronchodilation, but increases salivation and respiratory tract secretions

21
Q

Effect of ketamine on muscles

A

Little relaxation
May cause muscle rigidity, spontaneous movements of limbs and head and cramps
Many patients don’t close their eyes

22
Q

Alfaxalone

A

Neurosteroid, GABA agonist
Produces CNS depression
Decreases cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure
Good muscle relaxation, may cause tremors during recovery
May cause anaphylaxis

23
Q

Barbiturates mechanism of function

A

Produce CNS depression by activating GABA receptor

24
Q

Effect of barbiturates on cardiovascular system

A

Decrease in stroke volume & myocardial contractility
Vasodilation of cutaneous and skeletal blood vessels - hypothermia
Ventricular arrhythmias, sensitization of myocard to epinephrine

25
Q

Effect of barbiturates on respiratory system

A

Dose-dependent depression of ventilatory centers, decreased responsiveness to hypoxemia and hypercarbia
Decrease in respiratory rate and minute ventilation

26
Q

Euthanising agents

A

Barbiturates
Emutramide
- Not used as anesthetic, unless
produces general anesthesia

Pharmacology (18 decks)

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