Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology > FInal recaprecap 2 > Flashcards

FInal recaprecap 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Ephedrine

A

Alfa 1 mimetic
Vasoconstriction on peripheral vessels,
Vasodilation on large vessels
Heart rate increases
Heart contractility increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Ergot alkaloids

A

Alfa1 blockers
Toxins from parasitic fungus in grains
Severe and chronic poisonings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Beta adrenoblockers

A

Heart rate and contractility decrease
Broncho contraction
- Don’t use with asthmatics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Precautions of Beta adrenoblockers

A

Heart diseases
- Negative ino-dromo-chromotropic actions
- Heart rate drop
- Don’t use with asthmatic or respiratory
tract problem patients (bronchoconstriction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Clinical use of Betablockers

A

Reduce the heart workload
- Chronic heart failure
- Myocardial infarction
Arrhythmia treatments
In case of hypertension - reduces it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Parasympathomimetics / - lytics

A

Muscarinic receptors:
- Postganglionic parasympathetic
neuroeffector junction + blood vessels
Nicotinic receptors:
- Autonomic ganglia, adrenal medulla
chromaffin cells and neuromuscular
junction of somatic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Effects of parasympathomimetics in organs and organ systems

A

Decrease blood pressure
Bronchial contraction
Constriction of SM
- Uterine rupture, miscarriage
Miosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Indirect acting cholinomimetics

A

Act through acetylcholine metabolism
Cholinesterase inhibitors
Acetylcholine accumulates and causes the mimetic efect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Organophosphorous compounds

A

Indirect acting cholinomimetics
IRREVERSIBLE!
Pesticides, insectisides, ectoparasitics
Antidote: atropine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Toxicity and counterindications of parasympathomimetics

A

Skeletal muscle weakness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bradycardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Atropine

A

Acts competitively with acetylcholine
Reversible block of muscarinic receptors
Reduces parasympathetic effects
Good distribution and absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Antinicotinic agents

A

Skeletal muscle relaxants
Neuromuscular blocking agents
Depolarising and nondepolarising
Blocks neurotransmission between the neuron and the muscle
General anesthesia, orthopaedic manipulations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Effects of antimuscarinic agents on organs and organ systems

A

“don’t digest”
- Secretions decrease
- Increase in heart rate
- Increase luminal diameter of bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Biological role of histamine

A

Sleep-wake cycle
Energy metabolism
Endocrine functions
Behavior
Vestibular function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Effects of histamine

A

Dilation of peripheral capillaries
- Increased permeability
- Edema
- Bronchial contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Pathological effect of histamine

A

Edema
Large dose - anaphylactic shock
SM contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

H1 blockers

A

Antihistamines ! For allergic reactions
1st generation (sedative side effect)
2nd generation: no sedative, does not pass BBB
Smooth muscle relax, more lumen diameter in bronchi
Not subcutaneously! irritant to tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

H2 blockers

A

Glands
- gastric ulcers
Decrease the secretion of HCl
Antiemetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where are H1 receptors found?

A

Mainly in smooth muscle of GI, respiratory and urogenital tracts
also in vessels, nerve cells, immune system cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

H1 receptor functions

A

Contraction of smooth muscle
Vasodilation & permeability increase
Release of adrenaline & noradrenaline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where are H2 receptors found?

A

Mainly in glands: parietal cells, sm

22
Q

H2 receptor functions

A

Relaxation of sm
Glandular secretion (gastric & bronchial)
Inotropic & chronotropic effects on heart
Suppression of histamine release

23
Q

H3 receptor functions

A
  1. Mostly found in CNS
    - Regulation of histamine & other endogenous substance release
24
Q

H4 receptor effects

A

Immune response, cytokines
Mainly found in GI tract and immune system cells

25
Q

Alfa 2 adrenomimetics

A
  1. Act in adrenergic synapses
  2. Used in combination with sedatives
    Decreases arterial Bp, Slows heart rhythm
    Lowers Respiratory Rate, inhibits salivation
    - Ruminants very sensitive!
    - Don’t administer with adrenalin (heart sensitised via the a2 adrenomimetics)
    - Don’t administer to pregnant animals - contraction of uterus
26
Q

Neuroleptics

A
  • Antipsychotics - depressant effect on CNS
  • Absorb well
  • Dopamine blocking effect (noradrenalin
    precursor)
  • Block central and peripheral effects of
    catecholamines (peripheral vasodilation,
    arterial hypotension)
  • RR depressing
  • Good muscle relaxation
  • Decrease platelet aggregation
  • Alter thermoregulation
    -Make general anesthesia more potent
  • NO ANALGESIA
27
Q

Tranquilizers

A

Substances that weaken negative emotions
- Sedative, Antiepileptic, Muscle relaxant
- Diazepam, midazolam (derivatives of benzodiazepines)
- Reduce cerebral blood flow
- Minimal cardiovascular depression
- Muscle relaxation
- GABA receptor binding
- Reduce neuronal transmission

28
Q

Antidepressants

A

Used to reduce separation anxiety in dogs
Fluoxetine
- Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
Clomipramine
- Non-selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

29
Q

Toxicity and side effects of neuroleptics

A

Vasodilation
Decreased thermoregulation
Decreases platelet aggregation

30
Q

Toxicity and side effects of tranquilizers

A

Transient period of agitation, vocalisation

31
Q

Contraindications of Neuroleptics and Tranquilizers

A

Hypovolemic patients
Patients hypersensitive to benzodiazepines
Hepatic dysfunctions

32
Q

Pharmacokinetics / dynamics of opioids

A

Lipophilic, penetrate placental and BB barriers
Good distribution
Antiemetic, depression of CNS, respiratory depression
Good analgesia
- Lessens nociceptal signal transmission

33
Q

Toxicity and side effects of opioids

A

Strong depression of CNS
Coma
Respiratory depression
- Death due to arrest

34
Q

Opioid receptors

A

Myy receptors
Myy 1 & 2
- Partial and full agonist

35
Q

General use of opioids

A

Analgesia
Sedation, antitussive
Antiemetic/emetic

36
Q

General effects of opioids

A

Analgesia - full and partial agonists
Antitussive, antiemetic, antidiarrheal
Miosis / mydriasis

37
Q

Local anesthetics - lidocaine

A

Used for block, infiltration, epidural and topical anesthesia
Blocks ion channels
- Antiarrhythmic

38
Q

Local anesthetics: procaine

A

Used for infiltration, epidural and paravertebral anesthesia
- Antiarrhythmic

39
Q

Side effects and toxicity of Local anesthetics

A

We want to give as small amount to not effect systemically
- Stimulation of CNS, after which depression
- respiratory arrest, heart rate lower
- Cats are more sensitive

40
Q

Pharmacokinetics/dynamics of Inhalation anesthetics

A

High lipid solubility - penetrate BBB
Amnesia, Analgesia, unconsciousness, depression of CNS, immobility
Alveolar ventilation decreases with all inhalation anesthetics

41
Q

Toxicity and side effects of inhalation anesthetics

A

Airway irrritation
Hepatocellular injury
CNS depression

42
Q

Barbiturate effects on organ systems

A

CNS depression
Cardiovascular effects
- decrease stroke volume
- Myocardial contractility
Respiratory depression
NO ANALGESIA - only during unconsciousness

43
Q

Propofol effects and toxicity

A

Muscle relaxation, sedation,
Induction, maintenance of anesthesia
Treatment of epilepsy
Respiratory decreasing

44
Q

Ketamine, its effects and toxicity

A

Dissociative anesthetic
Respiratory depression
Increase heart rate
Analgesia
used combined with muscle relaxants or general anesthetics

45
Q

NSAIDS

A

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic effect

46
Q

How do NSAIDS work?

A

They inhibit synthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid via inhibiting cyclooxygenase enzymes (bind to it)

47
Q

Effects of Prostaglandins

A

Vasodilation
Permeability increases
Bronchoconstriction
Smooth muscle constriction (uterus)
Blood coagulation
Pain perception in spinal level

48
Q

COX1

A

Contributes to synthesis of inflammatory prostaglandins
Thromboxane is formed via COX1
- Blood coagulative effect (aspirin)
- Homekeeping system

49
Q

COX1 inhibitors

A

Cause GI tract irritation via inhibition of epithelial cell formation
-> Ulcers
Causes Na retention and reduced GFR -> Hypertension edema

50
Q

COX2

A

Mediates synthesis of inflammatory prostaglandins (early inflammatory response) - but also anti-inflammatory prostaglandins

51
Q
A

Pharmacology (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions