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Pharmacology > Antibiotics recap > Flashcards

Antibiotics recap Flashcards

1
Q

What might cause inactivation of penicillins, and what is it incompatible with

A

Hydrolysis is main reason for inactivation
- In syringe with other medicinal products
- In acidic environment of stomach
Also by sulfonyl amides
Incompatible with
- Heavy metal salts
- Alcohol

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2
Q

What enzyme is the antagonist of penicillin?

A

Beta-lactamase
- causes also resistance
- Produced by many micro-organisms

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3
Q

4 classifications of penicillin and give example(s) of each

A
  1. Natural: Benzylpenicillin / penicillin G
  2. Acid-resistant: Penicillin V
  3. Penicillinase-resistant: Oxacillin, cloxacillin
  4. Synthetic broad spectrum: Aminobenzyl
    penicillins
    • Ampicillin, Amoxicillin
  5. Aminopenicillins: mecillinam
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4
Q

Spectrum of action of Penicillins

A

Gram + bacteria

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5
Q

Toxicity of penicillins

A

Lowest level of toxicity among antibiotics

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6
Q

Possible side effects of penicillins

A

Most frequently allergy
- Low visibility skin conditions
- Lethal anaphylactic shock
- Hives
- Hypersalivation
- Vomiting
- Cramps
- Pregnant animals may abort (sows)

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7
Q

Name some bacterias that Penicillinase resistant penicillins are effective against

A

Staph. aureus b+
Generally of lower effectiveness than other penicillins

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8
Q

Spectrum of action of Cefalosporins

A

Gram + bacteria

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9
Q

How are cefalosporins divided?

A

Into 5 generations
1st: Narrow spectrum against G+
2nd-3rd: Broad spectrum against G+ cocci
and most G- microbes

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10
Q

Name some Cefalosporins

A

1st gen:
Cephalothin, Cephalexin
2nd: Cefuroxime
3rd: Cefotaxime

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11
Q

Why shouldn’t the 3-5 generation of Cefalosporins be used in veterinary medicine?

A

We want to avoid resistance, and they are reserved for human medicine

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12
Q

Toxicity of Cefalosporins

A

Low toxicity

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13
Q

Side effects of Cefalosporins

A

Allergy
Pain at site of injection
Cross-reaction allergy and cross-reacting resistance with penicillin (chemical similarity)

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14
Q

Use of Cefalosporins

A

Suitable for treating urinary tract infections
- Mainly excreted through kidneys

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15
Q

What are beta-lactam antibiotics?

A

Antibiotics that contain a beta-lactam ring in their chemical structure
Penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams

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16
Q

Spectrum of action of Macrolides

A

Gram + microbes and some Listeria stains

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17
Q

Name some Macrolides

A

Erythromycin
Tylosin
Spiramycin

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18
Q

Toxicity of macrolides

A

More toxic than beta-lactams

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19
Q

Which antibiotic is used frequently when the microbe is resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics?

A

Macrolides

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20
Q

Side effects of Macrolides

A

PO: vomiting ,diarrhea, increased salivation
IM: Swelling and irritation at site of administration
Most serious side effects in horses

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21
Q

Use of Macrolides

A

Suitable for treatment of bile-duct infections (excreted to a large extent in bile)
- Tylosin - responsive diarrhea treatment

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22
Q

Spectrum of action of Lincosamides

A

Gram +, anaerobes, mycoplasmas, some protozoa

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23
Q

Name some Lincosamides

A

Linomycin
Clindamycin
Pirlimycin

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24
Q

Toxicity of Lincosamides

A

Particularly toxic to sheep, rabbits, guinea pigs and hamsters

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25
Q

Side effects of Lincosamides

A

Diarrhea
Cattle: lack of appetite, diarrhea, ketosis, agalacticae
Horses: Hemorrhagic colitis, fatal diarrhea

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26
Q

Use of Lincosamides / Name some microbial species that they are effective against

A

G+ aerobes:
G-:
Clindamycin has activity against
- Toxoplasma gondii
- Plasmodium falciparum

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27
Q

Spectrum of action of Aminoglycosides, Aminocyclitoles

A

Gram negative antibiotics

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28
Q

Name some Aminoglycosides

A

Streptomycin
Dihydrostreptomycin
Neomycin
Gentamycin

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29
Q

Name some Aminocyclitols

A

Spectinomycin
Apramycin

30
Q

Toxicity of Aminoglycosides, Aminocyclitoles

A

Accumulate in kidney tissues
- Caution in case of renal impairment
Possibly the second most toxic AB
- Neomycin most toxic aminoglycoside
-Potency of ototoxic effect increased by furosemide-type diuretics

31
Q

Side effects of Aminoglycosides, Aminocyclitoles

A

Increase the potency of neuromuscular blockade in event of administration with anesthetics and muscle relaxants
- Slows heart function and decrease BP
via IV administration
-Neomycin: kidney failure, death
- Gentamycin: nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity
- Spectinomycin: less toxic compared to
aminoglycosides

32
Q

Use of Aminoglycosides, Aminocyclitoles

A

Primarily against g-, effect on G+ limited
- Absorption from GI tract poor - can be
used when local effect on GI microbes is
wanted
- Enhance potency of muscle relaxants

33
Q

Spectrum of action of Tetracyclines

A

Broad spectrum antibiotics
> Cross-resistance occurs with penicillins

34
Q

Toxicity of Tetracyclines

A

Accumulate into calcium-containing tissues (bone & teeth)
- > not recommended in young animals

35
Q

Side effects of Tetracyclines

A
  1. Irritant PO and injection;
    - Vomiting, pain at site of injection,
    - Tissue damage
  2. Kidney damage, dehydration, hemoglobinuria
  3. Horses: Diarrhea and enterocolitis
36
Q

Spectrum of action of Chloramphenicol, Thiamphenicol, Florfenicol

A

Broad spectrum!

37
Q

Chloramphenicol

A

MOST TOXIC EXISTING AB!
- Never administer with other ABs, antagonism WILL occur
- Increases potency of barbiturates, phenylbutazone, xylazine and ketamine
> May cause death if used with them
- Rather use locally

38
Q

Thiamphenicol

A

Derivative of chloramphenicol

39
Q

Florfenicol

A

Derivative of Thiamphenicol

40
Q

Toxicity of chloramphenicol

A

Extremely high toxicity!
Damages bone marrow
Inhibits hematopoiesis
> Aplastic anemia

41
Q

Toxicity of thiamphenicol & florfenicol

A

Significantly lower toxicity than Chloramphenicol

42
Q

Side effects of Chloramphenicol

A

Depression
Dehydration
Loss of appetite, vomiting and loss of body mass
Suppression of immune system
MUST NEVER BE USED IN FARM ANIMALS, EVEN LOCALLY

43
Q

Side effects of Florfenicol

A

Bone marrow damage may develop after prolonged use

44
Q

Use of Chloramphenicol

A

Only recommended to use locally, primarily for treatment of eye and ear infections

45
Q

Use of Florfenicol

A

Similar to Thiamphenicol, can be used in farm animals if necessary

46
Q

Use of Florfenicol

A

Similar spectrum of activity with chloramphenicol
Primarily used for treatment of
- Respiratory tract infections in BO
- Furunculosis treatment in Fish

47
Q

Spectrum of action of Fluoroquinolenes

A

Broad spectrum
Should be left for human medicine - resistance occurs relatively quickly

48
Q

Name some Fluoroquinolenes

A

Ciprofloxacin
Marbofloxacin
Danofloxacin
Difloxacin
Orbifloxacin

49
Q

Toxicity / side effects of Fluoroquinolenes

A

May lead to joint cartilage erosion
- Not recommended for young animals
Vomiting, diarrhea, sometimes NS symptoms
- Cramps, shivers

50
Q

Use of Fluoroquinolones; name some bacterias it’s effective against

A

Enterobacteriaceae
E. Coli
Klebsiella
Proteus
Salmonella
Staph. Aureus
Staph. Intermedius
IN VM SHOULD ONLY BE USED AS LAST RESORT IF NOTHING ELSE WORKS

51
Q

Spectrum of action of Ionophores, Nitrofurans, Nitroimidazoles, Rifamycin

A

Broad spectrum

52
Q

Name some Ionophores

A

Iasalocid
Maduramycin
Monensin

53
Q

Name some Nitrofurans

A

Nitrofurazone
Nitrofurantoin
Furazolidone

54
Q

Name some Nitromidazoles

A

Metronidazole
Dimetridazole
Ronidazole
Tinidazole
Ipronidazole

55
Q

Name some rifamycins

A

Rifampin
Should be left as reserve AB

56
Q

Toxicity of nitrofurans

A

Relatively toxic
Carcinogenic and mutagenic
- Don’t use in pregnant animals

57
Q

Toxicity of Nitromidazoles

A

Toxic and must not be used in farm animals

58
Q

Side effects of Rifamycins

A

May lead to liver damage

59
Q

Use of Ionophores

A

Iasalocid; Maduramycin:
- Primarily for control of coccidiosis
Monensin:
- Effect in rumen influences the production
of VFAs and helps prevent ketosis in dairy
cattle (intraruminal device)

60
Q

Use of Nitrofurans

A

Must not be used in farm animals
In others:
- Limited to treatment of infections involving urinary and reproductive organs

61
Q

Spectrum of action of Sulfonamides

A

Broad spectrum
- Resistance develops quickly, but is reversible

62
Q

When are sulfonamides ineffective?

A

In case of pyogenic processes
- Excess of folic acid occursS

63
Q

Side effects of Sulfonamides

A

Allergic reactions
Urinary tract disorders (crystalluria, hematuria)
Dobermans most sensitive!

64
Q

Use of Sulfonamides

A

Against Actinomyces, Chlamydiae, some protozoa like toxoplasma and plasmodia
Urinary tract infections

65
Q

Rational use of Antibiotics - 6 rules

A
  1. Before starting treatment, make sure it
    constitutes a bacterial infection
  2. Select one narrow-spectrum AB
    that works against the specific agent
  3. Broad spectrum ABs may be used in case
    of mixed infections
    • Skin and reproductive organ infections
  4. Choose optimal duration
  5. Correct doses, administration intervals
  6. Correct combinations
    - as a rule, don’t administer multiple ABs simultaneously
66
Q

Name the 4 main Gram+ ABs

A

Penicillin
Cephalosporins
Macrolides:
- Eryhtromycin, Tylosin
Lincosamides
- Clindamycin, Linomycin

67
Q

Name the 2 main Gram- ABs

A

Aminoglycosides
- Neomycin, kanamycin
- Gentamycin
Aminocyclitoles
- Apramycin

68
Q

Name the 5 main broad spectrum antibiotics

A
  1. Tetracycline
  2. Sulfonamides
  3. Fluoroquinolones
    - Enrofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin
  4. Ionephore
    - Monensin, Nitrofurans, Nitromidazoles
  5. Chloramphenicol
    - Thiamphenicol, Florfenicol
69
Q

What is the most toxic existing antibiotic drug?

A

Chloramphenicol

70
Q

What kind of diseases in most cases don’t need Antibiotics?

A

Hoof diseases
Most diarrheal cases
Retained placenta
Metritis
Local wound treatment
Surgery
Prophylaxis
Viruses

71
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Aminoglycosides?

A

Bactericidal!
Inhibit the microbial cell protein synthesis

72
Q

What is probably the second most toxic antibiotic?

A

Neomycin

Pharmacology (18 decks)

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