SUGER Flashcards
epidemiology of polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
- 1 in 1000
- forms 10% of patients on renal replacement therapy (RRT)
What kind of inheritance [pattern does the PKD follow and which proteins are affected
- autosomal dominant PKD
- mutations in polycsytin 1 (85%)
- mutations in polycsytin 2 (15%)
what is an error
any preventable event that may cause orlead to patient harm (failure)
what is an adverse event
incident resulting in harm to a patient, which is not a direct result of their illness or other chance event
what is a near miss
an event which arises during care and has the potential to cause harm but fails to develop further thereby avoiding harm
what are two descriptions of error
- error of omission (e.g required action is delayed or not taken)
- error of commission (e.g wrong action is taken)
what are the two types of error (by Reason’s classification)
- skill based error (e.g dose of medication delivered late- a memory lapse) or (a wrong number on the prescription dose - slip of action)
- rule/knowledge based error (wrong formula applied to adjust dosage of antibiotic - rule based mistake) or (failing to apply NICE guidelines due to lack of awareness -knowledge based mistake)
Where does meiosis take place in males
Seminiferous tubules
What is spermiogenesis
Spermiogenesis is transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa
– sprouts tail and discards cytoplasm to become lighter
What does types A spermatogonium do
type A remain outside blood-testis barrier & produce more
daughter cells until death
What does spertogonium type B do
type B differentiate into primary spermatocytes
• cells must pass through BTB to move inward toward lumen - new tight junctions form behind these cells
• meiosis I 2 secondary spermatocytes
• meiosis II 4 spermatids
What forms the blood testis barrier
Blood-testis barrier is formed by tight junctions between and basement membrane under sertoli cells.
Time for completion of spermiogenesis
64
High levels of testosterone inhibits which hormones, what secretes testosterone
LH and Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)
Leydig cells
High levels of inhibin inhibit which hormone, what secretes inhibin
FSH
Sertoli cells
What are the 3 parts of a tail of a spermatozoon
Tail is divided into 3 regions
– midpiece contains mitochondria around axoneme of the flagellum (produce ATP for flagellar movement)
– principal piece is axoneme surrounded by fibers
– endpiece is axoneme only and is very narrow tip of flagellum
What are the 2 parts of a spermatozoan
Head and tail
What are the 2 parts of the head of a spermatozoon
Spermatozoon
Head is pear-shaped front end
– 4 to 5 microns long structure containing the nucleus, acrosome and basal body of the tail flagellum
• nucleus contains haploid set of chromosomes
• acrosome contains enzymes that penetrate the egg
• basal body
Give the 3 accessory glands of the male reproductive organs
Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral glands
What is a normal sperm count
50-120million/ml
What sperm count is associated with infertility
<25 million/ml
List 6 other components of semen
-fructose provide energy for sperm motility
– fibrinogen
– clotting enzymes convert fibrinogen to fibrin causing semen to clot
– fibrinolysin liquefies semen within 30 minutes
– prostaglandins stimulate female peristaltic contractions
– spermine is a base stabilizing sperm pH at 7.2 to 7.6
Give the percentage of components that make up semen
60% seminal vesicle fluid, 30% prostatic & 10% sperm and trace of bulbourethral fluid
How much fluid is expelled during an orgasm in a male
2-5ml of fluid
