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SUGER Flashcards

1
Q

epidemiology of polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

A
  • 1 in 1000

- forms 10% of patients on renal replacement therapy (RRT)

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2
Q

What kind of inheritance [pattern does the PKD follow and which proteins are affected

A
  • autosomal dominant PKD
  • mutations in polycsytin 1 (85%)
  • mutations in polycsytin 2 (15%)
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3
Q

what is an error

A

any preventable event that may cause orlead to patient harm (failure)

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4
Q

what is an adverse event

A

incident resulting in harm to a patient, which is not a direct result of their illness or other chance event

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5
Q

what is a near miss

A

an event which arises during care and has the potential to cause harm but fails to develop further thereby avoiding harm

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6
Q

what are two descriptions of error

A
  • error of omission (e.g required action is delayed or not taken)
  • error of commission (e.g wrong action is taken)
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7
Q

what are the two types of error (by Reason’s classification)

A
  • skill based error (e.g dose of medication delivered late- a memory lapse) or (a wrong number on the prescription dose - slip of action)
  • rule/knowledge based error (wrong formula applied to adjust dosage of antibiotic - rule based mistake) or (failing to apply NICE guidelines due to lack of awareness -knowledge based mistake)
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8
Q

Where does meiosis take place in males

A

Seminiferous tubules

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9
Q

What is spermiogenesis

A

Spermiogenesis is transformation of spermatids into spermatozoa
– sprouts tail and discards cytoplasm to become lighter

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10
Q

What does types A spermatogonium do

A

type A remain outside blood-testis barrier & produce more
daughter cells until death

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11
Q

What does spertogonium type B do

A

type B differentiate into primary spermatocytes
• cells must pass through BTB to move inward toward lumen - new tight junctions form behind these cells
• meiosis I  2 secondary spermatocytes
• meiosis II  4 spermatids

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12
Q

What forms the blood testis barrier

A

Blood-testis barrier is formed by tight junctions between and basement membrane under sertoli cells.

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13
Q

Time for completion of spermiogenesis

A

64

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14
Q

High levels of testosterone inhibits which hormones, what secretes testosterone

A

LH and Gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH)

Leydig cells

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15
Q

High levels of inhibin inhibit which hormone, what secretes inhibin

A

FSH

Sertoli cells

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16
Q

What are the 3 parts of a tail of a spermatozoon

A

Tail is divided into 3 regions
– midpiece contains mitochondria around axoneme of the flagellum (produce ATP for flagellar movement)
– principal piece is axoneme surrounded by fibers
– endpiece is axoneme only and is very narrow tip of flagellum

17
Q

What are the 2 parts of a spermatozoan

A

Head and tail

18
Q

What are the 2 parts of the head of a spermatozoon

A

Spermatozoon
Head is pear-shaped front end
– 4 to 5 microns long structure containing the nucleus, acrosome and basal body of the tail flagellum
• nucleus contains haploid set of chromosomes
• acrosome contains enzymes that penetrate the egg
• basal body

19
Q

Give the 3 accessory glands of the male reproductive organs

A

Seminal vesicles
Prostate gland
Bulbourethral glands

20
Q

What is a normal sperm count

A

50-120million/ml

21
Q

What sperm count is associated with infertility

A

<25 million/ml

22
Q

List 6 other components of semen

A

-fructose provide energy for sperm motility
– fibrinogen
– clotting enzymes convert fibrinogen to fibrin causing semen to clot
– fibrinolysin liquefies semen within 30 minutes
– prostaglandins stimulate female peristaltic contractions
– spermine is a base stabilizing sperm pH at 7.2 to 7.6

23
Q

Give the percentage of components that make up semen

A

60% seminal vesicle fluid, 30% prostatic & 10% sperm and trace of bulbourethral fluid

24
Q

How much fluid is expelled during an orgasm in a male

A

2-5ml of fluid

25
Q

What is capacitation

A

The final maturational stage of spermatozoa that takes place in the female genital tract, before spermatozoa gain the ability to fertilize oocyte.

26
Q

What is the Baker Early Origin Hypothesis

A

The thrifty phenotype hypothesis says that reduced fetal growth is strongly associated with a number of chronic conditions later in life. This increased susceptibility results from adaptations made by the fetus in an environment limited in its supply of nutrients. These chronic conditions include coronary heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and hypertension.

27
Q

How many litres of filtrate does the glomerular make a day

A

180L/day of filtrate

28
Q

Which growth factors and cytokines provide exogenous nutrients in vivo to the embryo

A

Insulin-like growth factor 1 and 2 (IGF1 and IGF2)

Leukemia inhibiting factor (LIF)

29
Q

What is Secondary amenorrhea

A

occurs when you’ve had at least one menstrual period and you stop menstruating for three months or longer.

30
Q

What is Primary amenorrhea

A

Primary amenorrhea is the failure of menses to occur by age 16 years, in the presence of normal growth and secondary sexual characteristics

31
Q

What is oligomenorrhea

A

Oligomenorrhea is a condition in which you have infrequent menstrual periods. It occurs in women of childbearing age. Some variation in menstruation is normal, but a woman who regularly goes more than 35 days without menstruating may be diagnosed with oligomenorrhea

32
Q

What is menorrhagia

A

Menorrhagia is menstrual periods with abnormally heavy or prolonged bleeding

33
Q

What is secondary infertility

A

Secondary infertility is the inability to become pregnant or to carry a baby to term after previously giving birth to a baby

34
Q

What is hirsutism

A

Hirsutism (HUR-soot-iz-um) is a condition in women that results in excessive growth of dark or coarse hair in a male-like pattern — face, chest and back. With hirsutism, extra hair growth often arises from excess male hormones (androgens), primarily testosterone.

35
Q

What is galactorrhea

A

Galactorrhea (guh-lack-toe-REE-uh) is a milky nipple discharge unrelated to the normal milk production of breast-feeding. Galactorrhea itself isn’t a disease, but it could be a sign of an underlying problem. It usually occurs in women, even those who have never had children or after menopause.

36
Q

Give 4 symptoms associated with polycystic ovarian syndrome

A

Oligomenorrhoea
Hirsutism
Obesity
Depression

37
Q

How many cells are present in a morula

A

16 cells

38
Q

How many cells are within a blastocyst

A

200-300 cells

39
Q

Difference between gigantism and acromegaly

A

Gigantism refers to abnormally high linear growth due to excessive action of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) while the epiphyseal growth plates are open during childhood.

Acromegaly is the same disorder of IGF-I excess but occurs after the growth plate cartilage fuses in adulthood

Flascards (17 decks)

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