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Flascards > Spinal Column And Cord > Flashcards

Spinal Column And Cord Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary role of the spinal column

A
  • weight bearing and locomotion

- protection of the spinal cord

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2
Q

What is the spinal cord composed of

A 
7cervical vertebra
12 thoracic vertebra
5 lumbar vertebra
5 sacral vertebra (fused to become sacrum)
1 coccyx (2 or 3 bones fused)
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3
Q

What are the protruding points on an individual vertebrae called

A
  • transverse process - goes out to the side
  • articular process - goes upwards (superior) and downwards (inferior)
  • spinous process - sticks out in front
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4
Q

What structure connects the facets of the vertebra to the body

A

-the pedicle

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5
Q

What structure connects the facets to the midline and spinous process

A

-the lamina

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6
Q

What is a distinguishing feature of a thoracic vertebra specifically for the points of articulation

A

-articulates with the ribs in two places

  • the head of the rib to the vertebra body
  • the tubercle of the rib at the anterior aspect of the transverse process
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7
Q

Give the distinguishing features of a cervical vertebra

A
  • smaller because it carries less weight
  • bifid spinous process (from C1 to C6)
  • vertebral foramina (vertebral artery passes through this)
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8
Q

Which cervical vertebral does not have a bifid spinous process

A

-C7 (only has a single tip)

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9
Q

What is the first cervical vertebra called and what does it do

A
  • atlas

- it supports the weight of the skull

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10
Q

What is the second cervical vertebra called and what does it do

A
  • axis

- provides an axis which the neck can rotate

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11
Q

Where is the odontoid peg found

A
  • C2 the axis
  • a peg like structure projecting from the axis
  • it represents the body the 1st cervical vertebra fused with the body of the 2nd cervical vertebra
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12
Q

What is the ligament that lies behind the odontoid peg called

A

-the transverse ligament

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13
Q

How many curvatures are exhibited in an adult spine and list them going from cervical to lumbar

A

3

  • cervical bending forwards - lordosis
  • thoracic bending backwards - kyphosis
  • lumbar bending forwards - lordosis
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14
Q

What is a scoliosis

A

-sideways bend of the spine

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15
Q

What connects the vertebra of the spines to each other

A
  • intervertebral discs (they connect the body of each vertebra)
  • synovial joints (between the articular processes)

Ligaments

  • anterior spinal ligament (runs dow the front of the vertebral bodies)
  • posterior spinal ligament (runs down the back of the vertebral bodies)
  • ligamentum flavum (connects the lamina of each vertebral body, has high amount of elastic tissue which shows up yellow)
  • interspinous ligament (connect the spinous processes of the vertebral bodies)
  • supraspinous ligament (connects the tips of each spinous process of the vertebral bodies)
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16
Q

What type of joint is the intervertebral disks and what is it composed of

A
  • secondary cartilagenous joint
  • so in order goes bone (vertebral body), hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage (makes up majority of the joint), hyaline cartilage, bone (vertebral body)
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17
Q

Describe the two structures within the vertebral bodies

A
  • liquid center (nucleus pulposus)

- fibrous rings (annulus fibrosis)

18
Q

What are flavanoids

A

-early pigments which were yellow

19
Q

Give the 5 ligaments associated with the vertebral bodies and what they do

A
  • anterior spinal ligament (runs dow the front of the vertebral bodies)
  • posterior spinal ligament (runs down the back of the vertebral bodies)
  • ligamentum flavum (connects the lamina of each vertebral body, has high amount of elastic tissue which shows up yellow)
  • interspinous ligament (connect the spinous processes of the vertebral bodies)
  • supraspinous ligament (connects the tips of each spinous process of the vertebral bodies)
20
Q

How can bending to lift a heavy weight compress a spinal nerve

A
  • bending forward might cause a tear in the posterior spinal ligament and annulus fibrosus
  • and cause the liquid nucleus pulpous to bulge through the annulous fibrosus into the intervertebral foramina and compress a spinal nerve
21
Q

What is the difference between the exiting and tranversing spinal nerve root and how they can be compressed

A
  • existing spinal nerve root is on the spinal level that the compression occurred (usually posterior rupture of the annulus fibrosus)
  • tranversing spinal nerve root is on the spinal level below where the compression occurred (usually a rupture of more central annulus fibrosus)
22
Q

Where would a spinal anaesthetic usually be given

A

-in the lumbar or sacral region

23
Q

What is the conus medullaris

A
  • where the spinal cord ends

- identified by it finishing in a tube of pia mater (this tube is the philum termnalis)

24
Q

What is the continuation of the conus meduallaris all the way to the coccyx

A

-the philum terminalis (the tube of pia mater)

25
Q

Why are the dorsal root ganglia at risk of compression from a slipped disc

A

-they lie within the intervertebral foramina

26
Q

How does an epidural anaesthetic work

A
  • needle into the spinal canal but alongside the dura

- anaesthetic diffuses and paralyses cell bodies in the dorsal cell ganglion causing that area to become numb

27
Q

Above which vertebral level are the spinal nerve root that exit there named after them

A

C1 to C7

-thoracic and lumbar exit below their numbered vertebra

28
Q

Give the difference between an axon and a dendrite

A
  • mircoscopically identical
  • axon takes electrical impulse away from the cell body
  • dendrite carries electrical impulse to the cell body
29
Q

In which aspect of the spinal cord is the intermediate horn only found and why

A
  • the thoracic spinal cord

- the cervical, lumbar and sacral spinal cord do not have any sympathetic nerves exiting from them

30
Q

What does the intermediate horn of the spinal cord contain

A

-cell bodies for components of the sympathetic nervous system

31
Q

Give a brief description of the journey of the descending pathway tracts and where they pass into the anterior horn of the spinal cord

A

Lateral corticospinal tract - 85% deccussate and synapse on anterior horn of contralateral side

Ipsilateral corticospinal tract - 5% passed down ipsilaterally and synapse with same side of body as the side of the brain they originated

Ipsilateral ventral corticospinal tract - 10% pass down ipsilaterally then deccusate when they reach their spinal level to synapse on anterior horn of spinal cord

32
Q

Is the lateral corticospinal tract contralateral/ipsilateral to the motor cortex and contralateral/ipsilateral to the muscles it supplies

A
  • contralateral to the motor cortex

- ipsilateral to the muscles it supplies

33
Q

Is the ventral corticospinal tract contralateral/ipsilateral to the motor cortex and contralateral/ipsilateral to the muscle it supplies

A
  • ipsilateral to the motor cortex

- contralateral to the muscles it supplies

34
Q

Does the dorsal spinocerebellar tract travel in the spinal cord contralateral/ipsilateral

A

-ipsilateral

35
Q

Does the ventral spinocerebellar tract travel up the spinal cord contralateral/ipsilateral

A

-contralerally

36
Q

Describe the rotation, flexion and extension of the thoracic and lumbar region

A
  • rotation is maximum at the thoracic region but flexion and extension is limited because of the rib cage
  • rotation is limited in the lumbar region
37
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus made of

A
  • proteoglycan
  • collagen
  • cartilage cells
38
Q

What is the annulus fibrosus attached to peripherally

A
  • the vertebral bodies

- the posterior longitudinal ligament

39
Q

Where does a prolapsed intervertebral disc usually occur

A

L5/S1 in the lumbar region

C6/7 in the neck region

40
Q

Give the clinical significance of Bateson’s veins

A
  • these are veins in the vertebral venous plexuses
  • they contain no valves and communicate freely with intercostal veins and pelvic veins including veins draining the prostrate
  • so can be a route of metastasis for prostate and breast cancer
41
Q

Detail where the 31 spinal nerve are derived from

A
  • 8 cervical nerves
  • 12 thoracic nerves
  • 5 lumbar nerves
  • 5 sacral nerves
  • 1 coccygeal

Flascards (17 decks)

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