sugar extra Flashcards
what do acinar cells in pancreas prod
chymotrypsin, trypsinogen, pancreatic lipase, amylase.
what do ductal cells prod
HCO3-
What is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism in humans?
uric acid
what supplies external vesical sphincter
pudendal nerve
where is calcitonin produced
by parafollicular cells in thyroid
Which is the primary physiological change that results in the menopause?
Reduced production of oestradiol (estradiol) and inhibin B by the ovary
After embryo implantation the luteal phase supports the early days of the pregnancy through production of a hormone. Which hormone is produced?
progesterone
What is the primary event in the switch from storage to voiding?
relaxion of urethral sphincter
Which effect does aldosterone have on transporter proteins in the distal convoluted tubule?
inc in NA/K transporters
Which is the main physiological function of the synovial membrane?
Secretes important components into the synovial fluid
25-hydroxycholecalciferol is converted to 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. In which of the following tissues does this occur?
kidney
thyroxine functions
Fatty acid mobilisation
Increased bone resorption
Formation of oligodendrocytes
Increased carbohydrate absorption
what does zona reticularis, glomerulosa and fasciculata produce respectively
reticularis = androgens
glomerulosa = aldesterone (mineralcorticoids)
fasciculata = cortisol (glucocorticoid)
What layer of the trilaminar disc forms Rathke’s pouch and what does Rathke’s pouch then form?
Ectoderm and anterior pituitary
what vertebral lvl is thyroid gland
C5-T1
What day of fertilisation does the blastocyst form?
5
mechanism of aspirin
COX1 and COX2 inhibition
name for B vitamins
B1 (thiamine)
B2 (riboflavin)
B3 (niacin)
B5 (pantothenic acid)
B6 (pyridoxine)
B7 (biotin)
B9 (folate)
B12 (cobalamin)
what factor has the most significant impact on glomerular filtration rate
(GFR) under normal physiological conditions?
Afferent arteriole diameter
Where are the renal corpuscles within the kidney?
renal cortex
cortisol function
Suppression of immune system
Suppression of non-essential functions e.g. digestion
Gluconeogenesis to increase blood glucose
Stimulation of lipolysis
order of blood supply to kidneys
renal artery –> segmental artery –> interlobar
artery –> arcuate artery –> interlobular artery –> afferent arteriole –> glomerular capillary –>
efferent arteriole –> peritubular capillary
Which vertebral levels do the kidneys sit between?
T12-L3, (right lower than left due to kidney)
what secretes progesterone in days of 14-21 of luteal phase
corpeus luteum until it degenerates
Where is 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 synthesised?
kidneys
Which enzyme catalyses the rate-limiting step of the urea cycle?
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1. catalyses the conversion of carbon
dioxide and ammonia into carbamoyl phosphate
Where is the site of fertilisation?
ampulla of fallopian tube
things found within the spermatic cord
3 fascial layers: external spermatic fascia, cremasteric fascia/ muscle, internal spermatic fascia
3 arteries: artery to vas (ductus) deferens, cremasteric artery, testicular artery
3 nerves: ilioinguinal nerve, genital branch of genitofemoral, sympathetic and visceral afferent nerve fibres
3 other: pampiniform plexus, vas deferens, testicular lymphatics
Describe the movement of water and ions in the descending and ascending loops of
Henle respectively
Descending; water moves out and ions are retained
Ascending; water is retained and ions move out
Explain how the process of micturition
occurs.
As the bladder fills with urine, stretch receptors in the bladder wall are stimulated by the increase in pressure
Afferent neurons from these receptors enter the spinal cord and stimulate the parasympathetic pelvic splanchnic nerve causing the detrusor muscle to contract
The afferent neurons also inhibit the sympathetic hypogastric nerve to the internal urethral sphincter and the somatic pudendal nerve to the external urethral sphincter causing it to relax
The opening of both sphincters and contraction of the detrusor muscle result in urination
In the urea cycle, arginine is cleaved by arginase to generate whate
urea and orthinine
what does orthinine go to in urea cycle
Citrulline + Ammonia + CO2
what does citrulline form in urea cycle
arginine and ammonia
Which cells
contain natural moisturising factor?
corneocytes in stratum corneum
total proportion of co does each kidney recieve
10% each so 20 in total
