sugar extra

Question 1

what do acinar cells in pancreas prod

Answer 1

chymotrypsin, trypsinogen, pancreatic lipase, amylase.

Question 2

what do ductal cells prod

Answer 2

HCO3-

Question 3

What is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism in humans?

Answer 3

uric acid

Question 4

what supplies external vesical sphincter

Answer 4

pudendal nerve

Question 5

where is calcitonin produced

Answer 5

by parafollicular cells in thyroid

Question 6

Which is the primary physiological change that results in the menopause?

Answer 6

Reduced production of oestradiol (estradiol) and inhibin B by the ovary

Question 7

After embryo implantation the luteal phase supports the early days of the pregnancy through production of a hormone. Which hormone is produced?

Answer 7

progesterone

Question 8

What is the primary event in the switch from storage to voiding?

Answer 8

relaxion of urethral sphincter

Question 9

Which effect does aldosterone have on transporter proteins in the distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 9

inc in NA/K transporters

Question 10

Which is the main physiological function of the synovial membrane?

Answer 10

Secretes important components into the synovial fluid

Question 11

25-hydroxycholecalciferol is converted to 1, 25-dihydroxycholecalciferol. In which of the following tissues does this occur?

Answer 11

kidney

Question 12

thyroxine functions

Answer 12

Fatty acid mobilisation
Increased bone resorption
Formation of oligodendrocytes
Increased carbohydrate absorption

Question 13

what does zona reticularis, glomerulosa and fasciculata produce respectively

Answer 13

reticularis = androgens
glomerulosa = aldesterone (mineralcorticoids)
fasciculata = cortisol (glucocorticoid)

Question 14

What layer of the trilaminar disc forms Rathke’s pouch and what does Rathke’s pouch then form?

Answer 14

Ectoderm and anterior pituitary

Question 15

what vertebral lvl is thyroid gland

Answer 15

C5-T1

Question 16

What day of fertilisation does the blastocyst form?

Answer 16

5

Question 17

mechanism of aspirin

Answer 17

COX1 and COX2 inhibition

Question 18

name for B vitamins

Answer 18

B1 (thiamine)
B2 (riboflavin)
B3 (niacin)
B5 (pantothenic acid)
B6 (pyridoxine)
B7 (biotin)
B9 (folate)
B12 (cobalamin)

Question 19

what factor has the most significant impact on glomerular filtration rate
(GFR) under normal physiological conditions?

Answer 19

Afferent arteriole diameter

Question 20

Where are the renal corpuscles within the kidney?

Answer 20

renal cortex

Question 21

cortisol function

Answer 21

Suppression of immune system

Suppression of non-essential functions e.g. digestion

Gluconeogenesis to increase blood glucose

Stimulation of lipolysis

Question 22

order of blood supply to kidneys

Answer 22

renal artery –> segmental artery –> interlobar
artery –> arcuate artery –> interlobular artery –> afferent arteriole –> glomerular capillary –>
efferent arteriole –> peritubular capillary

Question 23

Which vertebral levels do the kidneys sit between?

Answer 23

T12-L3, (right lower than left due to kidney)

Question 24

what secretes progesterone in days of 14-21 of luteal phase

Answer 24

corpeus luteum until it degenerates

Question 25

Where is 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3 synthesised?

Answer 25

kidneys

Question 26

Which enzyme catalyses the rate-limiting step of the urea cycle?

Answer 26

Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1. catalyses the conversion of carbon dioxide and ammonia into carbamoyl phosphate

Question 27

Where is the site of fertilisation?

Answer 27

ampulla of fallopian tube

Question 28

things found within the spermatic cord

Answer 28

3 fascial layers: external spermatic fascia, cremasteric fascia/ muscle, internal spermatic fascia 3 arteries: artery to vas (ductus) deferens, cremasteric artery, testicular artery 3 nerves: ilioinguinal nerve, genital branch of genitofemoral, sympathetic and visceral afferent nerve fibres 3 other: pampiniform plexus, vas deferens, testicular lymphatics

Question 29

Describe the movement of water and ions in the descending and ascending loops of Henle respectively

Answer 29

Descending; water moves out and ions are retained Ascending; water is retained and ions move out

Question 30

Explain how the process of micturition occurs.

Answer 30

As the bladder fills with urine, stretch receptors in the bladder wall are stimulated by the increase in pressure Afferent neurons from these receptors enter the spinal cord and stimulate the parasympathetic pelvic splanchnic nerve causing the detrusor muscle to contract The afferent neurons also inhibit the sympathetic hypogastric nerve to the internal urethral sphincter and the somatic pudendal nerve to the external urethral sphincter causing it to relax The opening of both sphincters and contraction of the detrusor muscle result in urination

Question 31

In the urea cycle, arginine is cleaved by arginase to generate whate

Answer 31

urea and orthinine

Question 32

what does orthinine go to in urea cycle

Answer 32

Citrulline + Ammonia + CO2

Question 33

what does citrulline form in urea cycle

Answer 33

arginine and ammonia

Question 34

Which cells contain natural moisturising factor?

Answer 34

corneocytes in stratum corneum

Question 35

total proportion of co does each kidney recieve

Answer 35

10% each so 20 in total