gi/liver extra Flashcards
where is B12 absorbed
terminal ileum
Which endogenous substance(s) are necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12?
Intrinsic factor & transcobalamin-1
which artery most likely affected by peptic ulcers
gastroduodenal
What is the function of cholecystokinin?
Delivery of pancreatic enzymes into duodenum
Which part of the gastrointestinal tract normally absorbs the most fluid?
jejenum
which nerve is responsible for referred pain of gall bladder to right shoulder
greater splanchic
what part of pancreas is intraponeal
tail
branches of abdominal aorta
inf mesenteric
inf phrenic
left and right renal
sup mesenteric
coeliac artery
lumbar arteries
gonodal arteries
what does sup phrenic artery branch off
thoracic aorta
is upper third of rectum intra or retroponeal
intra
hole from greater to lesser sac of stomach
foramne of winslow
bare area of liver significance
site of infection spread
vasal recta and arterial arcades in jejenum and ileum
jejenum = long vasa recta 1-2 rows
ileum = short vasa recta 4-5 rows
functions of abdominal wall
micruition, pregnancy, coughing, heavy lifting
gallbladder epithelium
simple columnar
inner lip epithelium
stratified squamous non-keratinizing
is RAAS short or long term
long
what lvl do oesophagus, IVC and thoracic aorta pass hiatuses of diaphragm
oesophagus = t10
ivc = t8
thoracic = t12
what receptors does noradrenaline act on
beta 2, alpha 1 alpha 2
where is iron absorbed
duodenum
where is folate(B9) absorbed
jejenum
what vessel provides liver with most blood
portal vein
what is a lobule
functional unit of the liver
how long do b12 stores last
3 years
what enzyme converts arginine to orthinine and urea
arginase
what cell in the liver is responsible for bilirubin conjugation
hepatocytes
At what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta cross the diaphragm
t12
Where does absorption of the majority of bile salts take place
distal ileum
Where is leptin released from and what is its function
Adipose tissue - promotes satiety
sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of midgut
Sympathetic = lesser splanchnic nerve (T10-T11); parasympathetic = vagus nerve (CN X)
what supplies blood to the greater curvature of the stomach?
Left gastro-omental artery and right gastro-omental artery
Retroponeal organs
SAD PUCKER
Supradrenal and adrenal gland
Aorta and ivc
Duodenum (final 2/3)
Pancreas
Ureters
Colon (asc and desc)
Kidneys
Esophagus
Rectum
List the role of pepsin in protein digestion
Breaks down collagen in meat helping to increase the surface area for digestion, accelerated protein digestion, essential for vit B-12 in the small intestine
List two causes of delayed gastric emptying
Idiopathic, abdominal surgeries, autonomic neuropathies, parkinsons
MAP equation
Mean arterial pressure = diastolic + 1/3 (systolic - diastolic)
where is albumin produced
liver
four parts of waldeyers ring
Pharyngeal tonsil
Tubal tonsils
Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsil
What is the correct order of arteries leading to the right gastro-omental artery
Coeliac trunk, common hepatic, gastroduodenal artery, R. gastro-omental
where is the primary site for lactase production?
Small intestine (jejunum)
sequence of bile flow through the intrahepatic biliary system?
Common hepatic duct → Cystic duct → Hepatic ducts → Common bile duct
where is pepsin prod
chief cells in stomach
What anatomical point best describes mcburney’s point?
2/3 from umbilicus to Right Anterior Superior Iliac spine
What vessel supplies the gallbladder with oxygenated blood?
Bilious vein
what is C peptide
byproduct of proinsulin cleavage
process of H2 receptor antagonists preventing ulcers
Competitive inhibitor of the H2 receptor, blocking the action of histamine. Histamine activates H+/K+
proton pumps increasing gastric acid secretion (H2 receptor antagonists block this action) Results in
increased pH in the stomach = less damage to mucosal lining
Describe the mechanism by which fatty liver disease occurs
Liver disease causes decrease albumin production (1) Decreased oncotic pressure in vessel (1)
Hydrostatic pressure exceeds the oncotic pressure (increased gradient) (1) Results in increased loss
of fluid to interstitial space (1)
Which substrate, produced from the breakdown of adipocytes, can be used for
gluconeogenesis?
glycerol
blood supply to pancreas
superior and inferior pancreatoduodenal arteries form an arcade as well as pancreatic
branches from the splenic artery
process of insulin release from beta
cells?
glucose enters the cell via a GLUT2 receptor, converted glucose-6-phosphate by glucokinase. then goes to TCA producing ATP allowing K+ to enter cell inducing Ca2+ channels to open furthering depolarisation which induces exocytosis of insulin granules
where is cck produced
i cells of the duodenum
At which vertebral level does the renal artery come off the abdominal aorta?
L1
how alcohol is metabolised by the liver.
Alcohol is converted to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase then converts acetaldehyde into acetate
This is then broken down into carbon dioxide and water
example of multifactoral disease
spina bifida, cleft lip/palate, schizophrenia
c. Describe oesophageal innervation in terms voluntary/involuntary action.
Upper portion of the oesophagus has voluntary (striated) fibres (1) -
Lower portion of the oesophagus has involuntary
innervation of hindgut
parasympathetic = pelvic splanchic
sympathetic = lumbar splanchic
lumbar splanchic nerve root
L1-L2
branches of the sma
Ileocolic Artery - Supplies the terminal ileum, cecum, appendix, and the beginning of the ascending colon.
Right Colic Artery - Supplies the ascending colon.
Middle Colic Artery - Supplies the transverse colon.
branches of ima
Left Colic Artery: Supplies the descending colon.
Sigmoid Arteries: Supply the sigmoid colon.
Superior Rectal Artery: Supplies the upper part of the rectum and the distal part of the sigmoid colon.
Name 2 structures which lie on the transpyloric plane of Addison & what vertebral level this is on
Any 2 of: Bladder, pancreas, pylorus of stomach, duodenojejunal flexure, fundus of gallbladder
· Vertebral level L1 (1)
In which part of the gastrointestinal tract is the bulk of protein absorbed?
Duodenum
