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gi/liver extra Flashcards

1
Q

where is B12 absorbed

A

terminal ileum

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2
Q

Which endogenous substance(s) are necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12?

A

Intrinsic factor & transcobalamin-1

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3
Q

which artery most likely affected by peptic ulcers

A

gastroduodenal

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4
Q

What is the function of cholecystokinin?

A

Delivery of pancreatic enzymes into duodenum

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5
Q

Which part of the gastrointestinal tract normally absorbs the most fluid?

A

jejenum

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6
Q

which nerve is responsible for referred pain of gall bladder to right shoulder

A

greater splanchic

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7
Q

what part of pancreas is intraponeal

A

tail

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8
Q

branches of abdominal aorta

A

inf mesenteric
inf phrenic
left and right renal
sup mesenteric
coeliac artery
lumbar arteries
gonodal arteries

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9
Q

what does sup phrenic artery branch off

A

thoracic aorta

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10
Q

is upper third of rectum intra or retroponeal

A

intra

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11
Q

hole from greater to lesser sac of stomach

A

foramne of winslow

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12
Q

bare area of liver significance

A

site of infection spread

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13
Q

vasal recta and arterial arcades in jejenum and ileum

A

jejenum = long vasa recta 1-2 rows
ileum = short vasa recta 4-5 rows

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14
Q

functions of abdominal wall

A

micruition, pregnancy, coughing, heavy lifting

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15
Q

gallbladder epithelium

A

simple columnar

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16
Q

inner lip epithelium

A

stratified squamous non-keratinizing

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17
Q

is RAAS short or long term

A

long

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18
Q

what lvl do oesophagus, IVC and thoracic aorta pass hiatuses of diaphragm

A

oesophagus = t10
ivc = t8
thoracic = t12

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19
Q

what receptors does noradrenaline act on

A

beta 2, alpha 1 alpha 2

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20
Q

where is iron absorbed

A

duodenum

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21
Q

where is folate(B9) absorbed

A

jejenum

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22
Q

what vessel provides liver with most blood

A

portal vein

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23
Q

what is a lobule

A

functional unit of the liver

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24
Q

how long do b12 stores last

A

3 years

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25
what enzyme converts arginine to orthinine and urea
arginase
26
what cell in the liver is responsible for bilirubin conjugation
hepatocytes
27
At what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta cross the diaphragm
t12
28
Where does absorption of the majority of bile salts take place
distal ileum
29
Where is leptin released from and what is its function
Adipose tissue - promotes satiety
30
sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of midgut
Sympathetic = lesser splanchnic nerve (T10-T11); parasympathetic = vagus nerve (CN X)
31
what supplies blood to the greater curvature of the stomach?
Left gastro-omental artery and right gastro-omental artery
32
Retroponeal organs
SAD PUCKER Supradrenal and adrenal gland Aorta and ivc Duodenum (final 2/3) Pancreas Ureters Colon (asc and desc) Kidneys Esophagus Rectum
33
List the role of pepsin in protein digestion
Breaks down collagen in meat helping to increase the surface area for digestion, accelerated protein digestion, essential for vit B-12 in the small intestine
34
List two causes of delayed gastric emptying
Idiopathic, abdominal surgeries, autonomic neuropathies, parkinsons
35
MAP equation
Mean arterial pressure = diastolic + 1/3 (systolic - diastolic)
36
where is albumin produced
liver
37
four parts of waldeyers ring
Pharyngeal tonsil Tubal tonsils Palatine tonsils Lingual tonsil
38
What is the correct order of arteries leading to the right gastro-omental artery
Coeliac trunk, common hepatic, gastroduodenal artery, R. gastro-omental
39
where is the primary site for lactase production?
Small intestine (jejunum)
40
sequence of bile flow through the intrahepatic biliary system?
Common hepatic duct → Cystic duct → Hepatic ducts → Common bile duct
41
where is pepsin prod
chief cells in stomach
42
What anatomical point best describes mcburney’s point?
2/3 from umbilicus to Right Anterior Superior Iliac spine
43
What vessel supplies the gallbladder with oxygenated blood?
Bilious vein
44
what is C peptide
byproduct of proinsulin cleavage
45
process of H2 receptor antagonists preventing ulcers
Competitive inhibitor of the H2 receptor, blocking the action of histamine. Histamine activates H+/K+ proton pumps increasing gastric acid secretion (H2 receptor antagonists block this action) Results in increased pH in the stomach = less damage to mucosal lining
46
Describe the mechanism by which fatty liver disease occurs
Liver disease causes decrease albumin production (1) Decreased oncotic pressure in vessel (1) Hydrostatic pressure exceeds the oncotic pressure (increased gradient) (1) Results in increased loss of fluid to interstitial space (1)
47
Which substrate, produced from the breakdown of adipocytes, can be used for gluconeogenesis?
glycerol
48
blood supply to pancreas
superior and inferior pancreatoduodenal arteries form an arcade as well as pancreatic branches from the splenic artery
49
process of insulin release from beta cells?
glucose enters the cell via a GLUT2 receptor, converted glucose-6-phosphate by glucokinase. then goes to TCA producing ATP allowing K+ to enter cell inducing Ca2+ channels to open furthering depolarisation which induces exocytosis of insulin granules
50
where is cck produced
i cells of the duodenum
51
At which vertebral level does the renal artery come off the abdominal aorta?
L1
52
how alcohol is metabolised by the liver.
Alcohol is converted to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase then converts acetaldehyde into acetate This is then broken down into carbon dioxide and water
53
example of multifactoral disease
spina bifida, cleft lip/palate, schizophrenia
54
c. Describe oesophageal innervation in terms voluntary/involuntary action.
Upper portion of the oesophagus has voluntary (striated) fibres (1) - Lower portion of the oesophagus has involuntary
55
innervation of hindgut
parasympathetic = pelvic splanchic sympathetic = lumbar splanchic
56
lumbar splanchic nerve root
L1-L2
57
branches of the sma
Ileocolic Artery - Supplies the terminal ileum, cecum, appendix, and the beginning of the ascending colon. Right Colic Artery - Supplies the ascending colon. Middle Colic Artery - Supplies the transverse colon.
58
branches of ima
Left Colic Artery: Supplies the descending colon. Sigmoid Arteries: Supply the sigmoid colon. Superior Rectal Artery: Supplies the upper part of the rectum and the distal part of the sigmoid colon.
59
Name 2 structures which lie on the transpyloric plane of Addison & what vertebral level this is on
Any 2 of: Bladder, pancreas, pylorus of stomach, duodenojejunal flexure, fundus of gallbladder · Vertebral level L1 (1)
60
In which part of the gastrointestinal tract is the bulk of protein absorbed?
Duodenum

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