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gi/liver extra Flashcards

1
Q

where is B12 absorbed

A

terminal ileum

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2
Q

Which endogenous substance(s) are necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12?

A

Intrinsic factor & transcobalamin-1

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3
Q

which artery most likely affected by peptic ulcers

A

gastroduodenal

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4
Q

What is the function of cholecystokinin?

A

Delivery of pancreatic enzymes into duodenum

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5
Q

Which part of the gastrointestinal tract normally absorbs the most fluid?

A

jejenum

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6
Q

which nerve is responsible for referred pain of gall bladder to right shoulder

A

greater splanchic

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7
Q

what part of pancreas is intraponeal

A

tail

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8
Q

branches of abdominal aorta

A

inf mesenteric
inf phrenic
left and right renal
sup mesenteric
coeliac artery
lumbar arteries
gonodal arteries

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9
Q

what does sup phrenic artery branch off

A

thoracic aorta

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10
Q

is upper third of rectum intra or retroponeal

A

intra

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11
Q

hole from greater to lesser sac of stomach

A

foramne of winslow

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12
Q

bare area of liver significance

A

site of infection spread

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13
Q

vasal recta and arterial arcades in jejenum and ileum

A

jejenum = long vasa recta 1-2 rows
ileum = short vasa recta 4-5 rows

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14
Q

functions of abdominal wall

A

micruition, pregnancy, coughing, heavy lifting

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15
Q

gallbladder epithelium

A

simple columnar

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16
Q

inner lip epithelium

A

stratified squamous non-keratinizing

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17
Q

is RAAS short or long term

A

long

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18
Q

what lvl do oesophagus, IVC and thoracic aorta pass hiatuses of diaphragm

A

oesophagus = t10
ivc = t8
thoracic = t12

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19
Q

what receptors does noradrenaline act on

A

beta 2, alpha 1 alpha 2

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20
Q

where is iron absorbed

A

duodenum

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21
Q

where is folate(B9) absorbed

A

jejenum

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22
Q

what vessel provides liver with most blood

A

portal vein

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23
Q

what is a lobule

A

functional unit of the liver

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24
Q

how long do b12 stores last

A

3 years

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25
Q

what enzyme converts arginine to orthinine and urea

A

arginase

26
Q

what cell in the liver is responsible for bilirubin conjugation

A

hepatocytes

27
Q

At what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta cross the diaphragm

A

t12

28
Q

Where does absorption of the majority of bile salts take place

A

distal ileum

29
Q

Where is leptin released from and what is its function

A

Adipose tissue - promotes satiety

30
Q

sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation of midgut

A

Sympathetic = lesser splanchnic nerve (T10-T11); parasympathetic = vagus nerve (CN X)

31
Q

what supplies blood to the greater curvature of the stomach?

A

Left gastro-omental artery and right gastro-omental artery

32
Q

Retroponeal organs

A

SAD PUCKER
Supradrenal and adrenal gland
Aorta and ivc
Duodenum (final 2/3)
Pancreas
Ureters
Colon (asc and desc)
Kidneys
Esophagus
Rectum

33
Q

List the role of pepsin in protein digestion

A

Breaks down collagen in meat helping to increase the surface area for digestion, accelerated protein digestion, essential for vit B-12 in the small intestine

34
Q

List two causes of delayed gastric emptying

A

Idiopathic, abdominal surgeries, autonomic neuropathies, parkinsons

35
Q

MAP equation

A

Mean arterial pressure = diastolic + 1/3 (systolic - diastolic)

36
Q

where is albumin produced

A

liver

37
Q

four parts of waldeyers ring

A

Pharyngeal tonsil
Tubal tonsils
Palatine tonsils
Lingual tonsil

38
Q

What is the correct order of arteries leading to the right gastro-omental artery

A

Coeliac trunk, common hepatic, gastroduodenal artery, R. gastro-omental

39
Q

where is the primary site for lactase production?

A

Small intestine (jejunum)

40
Q

sequence of bile flow through the intrahepatic biliary system?

A

Common hepatic duct → Cystic duct → Hepatic ducts → Common bile duct

41
Q

where is pepsin prod

A

chief cells in stomach

42
Q

What anatomical point best describes mcburney’s point?

A

2/3 from umbilicus to Right Anterior Superior Iliac spine

43
Q

What vessel supplies the gallbladder with oxygenated blood?

A

Bilious vein

44
Q

what is C peptide

A

byproduct of proinsulin cleavage

45
Q

process of H2 receptor antagonists preventing ulcers

A

Competitive inhibitor of the H2 receptor, blocking the action of histamine. Histamine activates H+/K+
proton pumps increasing gastric acid secretion (H2 receptor antagonists block this action) Results in
increased pH in the stomach = less damage to mucosal lining

46
Q

Describe the mechanism by which fatty liver disease occurs

A

Liver disease causes decrease albumin production (1) Decreased oncotic pressure in vessel (1)
Hydrostatic pressure exceeds the oncotic pressure (increased gradient) (1) Results in increased loss
of fluid to interstitial space (1)

47
Q

Which substrate, produced from the breakdown of adipocytes, can be used for
gluconeogenesis?

A

glycerol

48
Q

blood supply to pancreas

A

superior and inferior pancreatoduodenal arteries form an arcade as well as pancreatic
branches from the splenic artery

49
Q

process of insulin release from beta
cells?

A

glucose enters the cell via a GLUT2 receptor, converted glucose-6-phosphate by glucokinase. then goes to TCA producing ATP allowing K+ to enter cell inducing Ca2+ channels to open furthering depolarisation which induces exocytosis of insulin granules

50
Q

where is cck produced

A

i cells of the duodenum

51
Q

At which vertebral level does the renal artery come off the abdominal aorta?

A

L1

52
Q

how alcohol is metabolised by the liver.

A

Alcohol is converted to acetaldehyde by alcohol dehydrogenase Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase then converts acetaldehyde into acetate
This is then broken down into carbon dioxide and water

53
Q

example of multifactoral disease

A

spina bifida, cleft lip/palate, schizophrenia

54
Q

c. Describe oesophageal innervation in terms voluntary/involuntary action.

A

Upper portion of the oesophagus has voluntary (striated) fibres (1) -
Lower portion of the oesophagus has involuntary

55
Q

innervation of hindgut

A

parasympathetic = pelvic splanchic
sympathetic = lumbar splanchic

56
Q

lumbar splanchic nerve root

A

L1-L2

57
Q

branches of the sma

A

Ileocolic Artery - Supplies the terminal ileum, cecum, appendix, and the beginning of the ascending colon.
Right Colic Artery - Supplies the ascending colon.
Middle Colic Artery - Supplies the transverse colon.

58
Q

branches of ima

A

Left Colic Artery: Supplies the descending colon.
Sigmoid Arteries: Supply the sigmoid colon.
Superior Rectal Artery: Supplies the upper part of the rectum and the distal part of the sigmoid colon.

59
Q

Name 2 structures which lie on the transpyloric plane of Addison & what vertebral level this is on

A

Any 2 of: Bladder, pancreas, pylorus of stomach, duodenojejunal flexure, fundus of gallbladder
· Vertebral level L1 (1)

60
Q

In which part of the gastrointestinal tract is the bulk of protein absorbed?

A

Duodenum

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