Cadio extra

Question 1

what is a haematocrit

Answer 1

ratio of volume of rbc to total blood volume

Question 2

alpha granules function

Answer 2

contain adhesive proteins e.g. P selectin

Question 3

dense granules function

Answer 3

Contain ATP, serotonin and calcium which are key for activation

Question 4

peroxisome function in platetelet agg

Answer 4

contain catalase to eliminate free radicals

Question 5

how to calculate bpm from ecg

Answer 5

300/big squares counted

Question 6

Which receptors do platelets use to adhere to exposed subendothelial collagen?

Answer 6

GP2b/3a and GP1B

Question 7

Vit k dependant factors

Answer 7

10,9,7,2

Question 8

what level does common carotid bifurcate

Answer 8

C4

Question 10

Henderson Hasselbach equation

Answer 10

pH = 6.1 + log([HCO3-]/0.03xPaCO2)

Question 11

What is the function of nebulin and titin?

Answer 11

Bind to actin and myosin respectively

Question 12

In embryology, what does the sinus venosus become?

Answer 12

vena cavae

Question 13

How does a cell taken from the SAN differ from a normal cardiomyocyte?

Answer 13

no intercalated discs

Question 14

affect of carotid sinus stimulation

Answer 14

reduced BP

Question 15

artery structure inside to out

Answer 15

tunica intima, tunica lamina, tunica media, external elastic lamina, adventitia

Question 16

mech of pitting oedoma

Answer 16

hydrostatic pressure greater than osmotic

Question 17

what artery does not have abundant smooth muscle in tunica media

Answer 17

braciophallic trunk

Question 18

what type of cell junctions would you not find intercalated discs in the myocardium

Answer 18

tight junctions

Question 19

what type of nuclei do monocytes have

Answer 19

reniform

Question 20

what two cells cannot be distinguished histologically

Answer 20

b and T lymphocytes

Question 21

what type of nuclei do neutrophils/granulocytes have

Answer 21

lobed

Question 22

what type of nuvlei do plasma cells have

Answer 22

eccentric nuclei

Question 23

what histological layer do veins lack

Answer 23

external elastic lamina

Question 24

how does phrenic nerve hook around ductus arteriosus

Answer 24

anteriorly

Question 25

diameter of a tubulin filament

Answer 25

25nm

Question 26

life span of rbc

Answer 26

4 months

Question 27

examples of granulocytes

Answer 27

monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Question 28

Which of the granulocytes is particularly involved with fighting parasitic infections

Answer 28

eosinophils

Question 29

resting p of myocardium

Answer 29

-90mv

Question 30

is endothelin vasoconstricter or dilator

Answer 30

constricter

Question 31

lifespan of platelets

Answer 31

7-10 days

Question 32

what provides blood supply to AVN and SAN

Answer 32

RCA

Question 33

At which anatomical landmark does the apex of the heart lie.

Answer 33

Left 5 th intercostal space midclavicular line.

Question 34

remanent of foramen ovale

Answer 34

fossa ovalis

Question 35

Name the first 3 branches of the aortic arch from most proximal to most distal

Answer 35

Brachiocephalic artery, Left Common carotid, Left subclavian artery

Question 36

At what level does the aorta bifurcate?

Answer 36

L4

Question 37

what do myeloid progenitor cells give rise to

Answer 37

myeloblasts

Question 38

Where is the site of greatest peripheral resistance to systemic blood flow?

Answer 38

arterioles

Question 39

neutrophil stiumlating factor

Answer 39

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

Question 40

platelet stimulating factor

Answer 40

Thrombopoetin

Question 41

neutrophil progenitor

Answer 41

Myeloblast

Question 42

Describe the 3 steps of primary platelet plug formation

Answer 42

Adhesion (1) of platelets to vWF on the collagen, Aggregation (1) of platelets together, Activation (1) from discoid to pseudopoid

Question 43

What is the function of plasmin?

Answer 43

when activated by tissue plasminogen activator (plasminogen → plasmin) degrades fibrin meshwork in the secondary platelet plug

Question 44

chordae tendinae function in heart

Answer 44

pulled on by papillary muscles to stop valve opening during ventricular systole

Question 45

what does the LAD supply

Answer 45

Anterior Wall of the Left Ventricle: Supplies the anterior wall. Anterior Part of the Interventricular Septum: Supplies the anterior two-thirds of the interventricular septum. Apex of the Heart: Supplies the apex. Anterolateral Papillary Muscle: Supplies one of the papillary muscles of the left ventricle.

Question 46

fibrous pericardium

Answer 46

Outermost Layer: A tough, dense, and fibrous connective tissue layer. Attachment: Anchors the heart to the diaphragm, the sternum, and the major blood vessels. Function: Provides structural support and protection, preventing overexpansion of the heart.

Question 47

serous pericardium

Answer 47

Parietal Layer: Lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium. Visceral Layer (Epicardium): Adheres directly to the surface of the heart. Pericardial Cavity: The potential space between the parietal and visceral layers, containing a small amount (about 15-50 mL) of pericardial fluid which reduces friction during heartbeats.

Question 48

c) Describe how fibrinolysis occurs

Answer 48

Damaged endothelium releases tPA/tissue plasminogen activator (1) - tPA activates plasminogen to plasmin which degrades fibrin

Question 49

structures in RA

Answer 49

Musculi pectinati Fossa ovalis Tricuspid valve Crista terminalis

Question 50

What is found in the tunica media of a blood vessel?

Answer 50

smooth muscle

Question 51

what is found in adventitia

Answer 51

vasa vasorum, fibroblast and collagen.

Question 52

In which cells of the heart would you find Weibel Palade bodies and what do they contain?

Answer 52

endothelium vwf