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extra > Cadio extra > Flashcards

Cadio extra Flashcards

1
Q

what is a haematocrit

A

ratio of volume of rbc to total blood volume

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2
Q

alpha granules function

A

contain adhesive proteins e.g. P selectin

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3
Q

dense granules function

A

Contain ATP, serotonin and calcium which are key for activation

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4
Q

peroxisome function in platetelet agg

A

contain catalase to eliminate free radicals

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5
Q

how to calculate bpm from ecg

A

300/big squares counted

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6
Q

Which receptors do platelets use to adhere to exposed subendothelial collagen?

A

GP2b/3a and GP1B

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7
Q

Vit k dependant factors

A

10,9,7,2

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8
Q

what level does common carotid bifurcate

A

C4

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9
Q
A
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10
Q

Henderson Hasselbach equation

A

pH = 6.1 + log([HCO3-]/0.03xPaCO2)

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11
Q

What is the function of nebulin and titin?

A

Bind to actin and myosin respectively

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12
Q

In embryology, what does the sinus venosus become?

A

vena cavae

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13
Q

How does a cell taken from the SAN differ from a normal cardiomyocyte?

A

no intercalated discs

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14
Q

affect of carotid sinus stimulation

A

reduced BP

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15
Q

artery structure inside to out

A

tunica intima, tunica lamina, tunica media, external elastic lamina, adventitia

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16
Q

mech of pitting oedoma

A

hydrostatic pressure greater than osmotic

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17
Q

what artery does not have abundant smooth muscle in tunica media

A

braciophallic trunk

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18
Q

what type of cell junctions would you not find intercalated discs in the myocardium

A

tight junctions

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19
Q

what type of nuclei do monocytes have

A

reniform

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20
Q

what two cells cannot be distinguished histologically

A

b and T lymphocytes

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21
Q

what type of nuclei do neutrophils/granulocytes have

A

lobed

22
Q

what type of nuvlei do plasma cells have

A

eccentric nuclei

23
Q

what histological layer do veins lack

A

external elastic lamina

24
Q

how does phrenic nerve hook around ductus arteriosus

A

anteriorly

25
Q

diameter of a tubulin filament

A

25nm

26
Q

life span of rbc

A

4 months

27
Q

examples of granulocytes

A

monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

28
Q

Which of the granulocytes is particularly involved with fighting parasitic infections

A

eosinophils

29
Q

resting p of myocardium

A

-90mv

30
Q

is endothelin vasoconstricter or dilator

A

constricter

31
Q

lifespan of platelets

A

7-10 days

32
Q

what provides blood supply to AVN and SAN

A

RCA

33
Q

At which anatomical landmark does the apex of the heart lie.

A

Left 5 th intercostal space midclavicular line.

34
Q

remanent of foramen ovale

A

fossa ovalis

35
Q

Name the first 3 branches of the aortic arch from most proximal to most distal

A

Brachiocephalic artery, Left Common carotid, Left subclavian artery

36
Q

At what level does the aorta bifurcate?

A

L4

37
Q

what do myeloid progenitor cells give rise to

A

myeloblasts

38
Q

Where is the site of greatest peripheral resistance to systemic blood flow?

A

arterioles

39
Q

neutrophil stiumlating factor

A

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor

40
Q

platelet stimulating factor

A

Thrombopoetin

41
Q

neutrophil progenitor

A

Myeloblast

42
Q

Describe the 3 steps of primary platelet plug formation

A

Adhesion (1) of platelets to vWF on the collagen, Aggregation (1) of platelets together, Activation (1) from discoid to pseudopoid

43
Q

What is the function of plasmin?

A

when activated by tissue plasminogen activator (plasminogen →
plasmin) degrades fibrin meshwork in the secondary platelet plug

44
Q

chordae tendinae function in heart

A

pulled on by papillary muscles to stop valve opening during ventricular systole

45
Q

what does the LAD supply

A

Anterior Wall of the Left Ventricle: Supplies the anterior wall.
Anterior Part of the Interventricular Septum: Supplies the anterior two-thirds of the interventricular septum.
Apex of the Heart: Supplies the apex.
Anterolateral Papillary Muscle: Supplies one of the papillary muscles of the left ventricle.

46
Q

fibrous pericardium

A

Outermost Layer: A tough, dense, and fibrous connective tissue layer.
Attachment: Anchors the heart to the diaphragm, the sternum, and the major blood vessels.
Function: Provides structural support and protection, preventing overexpansion of the heart.

47
Q

serous pericardium

A

Parietal Layer: Lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium.
Visceral Layer (Epicardium): Adheres directly to the surface of the heart.
Pericardial Cavity: The potential space between the parietal and visceral layers, containing a small amount (about 15-50 mL) of pericardial fluid which reduces friction during heartbeats.

48
Q

c) Describe how fibrinolysis occurs

A

Damaged endothelium releases tPA/tissue plasminogen activator (1)
- tPA activates plasminogen to plasmin which degrades fibrin

49
Q

structures in RA

A

Musculi pectinati
Fossa ovalis
Tricuspid valve
Crista terminalis

50
Q

What is found in the
tunica media of a blood vessel?

A

smooth muscle

51
Q

what is found in adventitia

A

vasa vasorum, fibroblast and collagen.

52
Q

In which cells of the heart would you find Weibel Palade bodies and what do they contain?

A

endothelium vwf

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