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IMMS extra Flashcards

1
Q

normal conc range for serum calcium

A

2.2 - 2.7 mmol/L

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2
Q

What is the codon change for sickle cell

A

GAG to GTG

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3
Q

Which enzyme catalyses the breakdown of fructose-1,6-bisphosphate into 2 3-carbon
molecules?

A

Aldolase

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4
Q

population of carrier freq of cycstic fibrosis

A

1/25

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5
Q

what blood cells have perinuclear hoff in light microscopy

A

plasma

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6
Q

sensitivity formula

A

positive with disease/ total with disease

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7
Q

rate limiting enzyme for krebs cycle

A

Isocitrate dehydrogenase

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8
Q

what stain turns goblet cells blue

A

Alcian blue

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9
Q

where in glycolysis is ATP made

A

Conversion of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate
phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate

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10
Q

what enzyme catalyses 1,3 - bisphosphoglycerate to 3 phosphoglycerate

A

phosphoglycerate kinase

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11
Q

description of lumbar vertabrae

A

large vertebral bodies

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12
Q

what disease is anticipation shown

A

huntingtons

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13
Q

body of thoracic vertabrae

A

heart shaped

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14
Q

what converts succinate to fumarate

A

succinate dehydrogenase

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15
Q

how much ATP per turn of krebs

A

12ATP

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16
Q

when does crossing over and assortment

A

crossing over = prophase 1
assortment = metaphase 1

17
Q

What enzyme, and in what way is Citrate Synthase inhibited?

A

Succinyl CoA, Competitive Inhibition

18
Q

key characteristic of a cervical column
vertebrae

A

Bifid spinous process

19
Q

What intercostal level do the nipples align with generally?

A

4th

20
Q

What is meant by oncotic pressure?

A

Pressure exerted by plasma protein on the capillary wall

21
Q

Describe the process of the carnitine shuttle starting in the cytoplasm of the cell

A

Fatty acids are activated/converted to acyl-CoA in the cytoplasm (1)
Fatty acid chains longer than 12Cs are converted to acyl-carnitine (1)
By the enzyme carnitine acyltransferase-1 (1)
In order to cross the mitochondria membrane (1)
Acyl carnitine crosses the membrane before being transferred back into acyl-CoA (1)
By carnitine acyltransferase-2 (1)

22
Q

What is produced in one round of beta oxidation?

A

1 NADH, 1 FADH2, and 1 acetyl CoA

23
Q

Describe the process by which an excess of acetyl CoA results in ketone production?

A

2 Acetyl CoAs are converted to Acetoacetyl CoA (1)
By Thiolase (1)
Acetoacetyl CoA is then converted to acetoacetate (1)
Acetoacetate can enter the blood or be converted to B-hydroxybutarate
Acetoacetate can also undergo spontaneous decarboxylation to form acetate (1)

24
Q

Abnormal expression of which trinucleotide repeat sequence is found to cause
Huntington’s disease?

A

CAG

25
Q

In the Kreb’s cycle, which enzyme converts citrate to isocitrate?

A

aconitase

26
Q

anaerobic resp eq

A

glucose + 2ADP + 2Pi -> 2 lactate + 2ATP + 2H2O

27
Q

which vertabrae have transverse foramina

A

cervical

28
Q

what converts glucose to glucose 6 phosphate

A

hexokinase and atp

29
Q

what is glucose 6 phosphate converted to in krebs

A

fructose 6 phosphate via phosphoglucose isomerase

30
Q

what converts dihydroxyacetone phosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

A

triose phosphase isomerate

31
Q

what is glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate converted to in krebs

A

1,3bisphosphoglycerate via GLAP hydrogenase

32
Q

3 differences between
appearance of thoracic and cervical vertebrae.

A

Thoracic vertebrae have inferiorly slanting spinous process AND cervical have bifid spinous processes
Thoracic vertebrae have costal facets AND cervical do not
Thoracic vertebrae don’t have transverse foramina AND cervical do Thoracic vertebrae have smaller heart shaped vertebral foramen AND cervical have larger more oval shaped one

33
Q

where is GTP prod in krebs

A

Succinyl-CoA to succinate

34
Q

In theoretically optimal conditions, what is the total number of produced by the
glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle and oxidative phosphorylation of a single glucose molecule?

A

38

35
Q

How many molecules of

ATP are consumed per molecule of glucose formed via gluconeogenesis?

A

6

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