public health Flashcards
Which form of economic evaluation measures outcomes in Quality Adjusted Life Years
cost-utility analysis
Which ethical theory uses rules to distinguish from right and wrong?
Deonotology
prevention tharadox meaning
A large number of people at a small risk may give rise to more cases of disease than the small number who are at a high risk.
what is a regression model with more than one predictor called
multivariable model
what are the focal virtues
compassion, discernment, trustworthness, intergrity and conscientiousness
(Come Diamond Then I C)
millenium development goals
Reduce child mortality
Ensure environmental sustainability
Promote gender equality
Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other disease
what is a notifiable disease
A notifiable disease is any disease that is required by law to be reported to government authorities.
What type of study retrospectively looks back if subjects had exposure to risk factors?
Case control
What is the correct definition of Absolute risk?
The difference between two risk’s
knowledge based error
incorrect plan or course of action due to lack of knowledge
near miss
an event with potential to cause harm, but fails to develop furthe
omission error
when required action is delayed or not taken.
Skill based error
slips and lapses. The person’s intentions were correct, but the execution of the action was flawed - done incorrectly, or not done at all.
standard error
how different a sample mean is likely to be from the population mean, the smaller it is the closer to the true population mean.
Which report released in the 1980s identified 4 theories for health inequalities which consisted of artifact, selection, behavioral/cultural and structural?
black report
Name the three domains of public health
Health protection, Health improvement, Improving services
transtheoretical model in order
Pre- contemplation, Contemplation, preparation, action, Maintenance, relapse
The four quadrants approach
Medical Indications
Patient Preferences
Quality of Life
Contextual Features
What type of study is deemed to be at the top of the study hierarchy
systematic review and meta-analysis
examples of secondary prevention
Breast cancer screening (+ any other screening programmes)
Post exposure vaccines
Regular blood pressure checks
beckers health belief model
susceptible to illness
conditions have serious consequences
stopping reduces risk
benefits outweigh the risk
successful health promotion campaign
Stoptober, change for life, MMR vaccination
Give two psychosocial factors that might increase a person’s risk of substance abuse
Family dynamics and influences, trauma, mental health disorders, chronic stress, limited
access to education, low income, cultural attitudes, loneliness
Name 3 modifiable risk factors for developing coronary heart disease
Smoking, hypertension, high cholesterol/high lipid levels, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, diabetes
and poor diet
heart risk tool
qrisk3
Instrumental
Activities of Daily Living
Managing medications correctly
Using the telephone
Doing a food shop at the supermarket
Using public transport
Wilson and Jugner criteria for screening?
The condition being screened for should be a significant health problem.
The condition’s natural history, should be well understood.
There should be a recognizable early or latent symptomatic stage.
There should be a suitable test or examination
There should be an accepted treatment for patients with a recognized disease
The costs of case finding, including diagnosis and treatment, should be economically balanced in relation to overall medical care expenditures.
There should be an agreed policy on who should be treated as patients.
specificity eq
TN/ (FP + TN),
sensitivity eq
TP/ (TP + FN)
relative risk diff eq
new - old/old times 100
Cross sectional study definition
observational analytical concurrent
study of an association at only one point in time?
number needed to treat?
The number of people that have an intervention or treatment to prevent an outcome to one person
advantage of cohort studies
Little ethical issues, clarity on event sequence
What is regarded as the ‘gold standard’ investigation of choice for study designs?
randomised control trial
How much of a study’s data can be found within 1 standard deviation?
68%
(95% in 2)
(99.7% in 3)
two adv of RCT
BLINDING/DOUBLE BLINDING. RANDOMISATION.
Define standard error, and write the equation used to calculate it.
Standard error = estimation of the true mean, using multiple standard deviations. (1)
SE = SD / n , where n = number of samples
Give two characteristics of hospital care that may contribute to patient safety incidents.
Healthcare is complex, high risk, resource intensive, often shared responsibilities, practitioners often take risks unknowingly, combination of small events that are each of seemingly low importance
Long, Neale & Vincent (2009) strategies
- Simplification and standardisation of clinical processes 2. Checklists and aide memoires 3. Information technology 4. Team training 5. Risk management programmes 6. Mechanisms to improve uptake of evidence based treatment patterns
Long, Neale & Vincent (2009) also identified personal strategies to practice safely.
Try to develop your internal alarm bells 2. Seek help when feeling overwhelmed 3. Use clinical guidelines where available 4. Always document your thought processes, actions, and plans 5. Checking results and all recorded information 6. Speaking up if an error is suspected.
