public health

Question 1

Which form of economic evaluation measures outcomes in Quality Adjusted Life Years

Answer 1

cost-utility analysis

Question 2

Which ethical theory uses rules to distinguish from right and wrong?

Answer 2

Deonotology

Question 3

prevention tharadox meaning

Answer 3

A large number of people at a small risk may give rise to more cases of disease than the small number who are at a high risk.

Question 4

what is a regression model with more than one predictor called

Answer 4

multivariable model

Question 5

what are the focal virtues

Answer 5

compassion, discernment, trustworthness, intergrity and conscientiousness
(Come Diamond Then I C)

Question 6

millenium development goals

Answer 6

Reduce child mortality
Ensure environmental sustainability
Promote gender equality
Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other disease

Question 7

what is a notifiable disease

Answer 7

A notifiable disease is any disease that is required by law to be reported to government authorities.

Question 8

What type of study retrospectively looks back if subjects had exposure to risk factors?

Answer 8

Case control

Question 9

What is the correct definition of Absolute risk?

Answer 9

The difference between two risk’s

Question 10

knowledge based error

Answer 10

incorrect plan or course of action due to lack of knowledge

Question 11

near miss

Answer 11

an event with potential to cause harm, but fails to develop furthe

Question 12

omission error

Answer 12

when required action is delayed or not taken.

Question 13

Skill based error

Answer 13

slips and lapses. The person’s intentions were correct, but the execution of the action was flawed - done incorrectly, or not done at all.

Question 14

standard error

Answer 14

how different a sample mean is likely to be from the population mean, the smaller it is the closer to the true population mean.

Question 15

Which report released in the 1980s identified 4 theories for health inequalities which consisted of artifact, selection, behavioral/cultural and structural?

Answer 15

black report

Question 16

Name the three domains of public health

Answer 16

Health protection, Health improvement, Improving services

Question 17

transtheoretical model in order

Answer 17

Pre- contemplation, Contemplation, preparation, action, Maintenance, relapse

Question 18

The four quadrants approach

Answer 18

Medical Indications
Patient Preferences
Quality of Life
Contextual Features

Question 19

What type of study is deemed to be at the top of the study hierarchy

Answer 19

systematic review and meta-analysis

Question 20

examples of secondary prevention

Answer 20

Breast cancer screening (+ any other screening programmes)

Post exposure vaccines

Regular blood pressure checks

Question 21

beckers health belief model

Answer 21

susceptible to illness
conditions have serious consequences
stopping reduces risk
benefits outweigh the risk

Question 22

successful health promotion campaign

Answer 22

Stoptober, change for life, MMR vaccination

Question 23

Give two psychosocial factors that might increase a person’s risk of substance abuse

Answer 23

Family dynamics and influences, trauma, mental health disorders, chronic stress, limited
access to education, low income, cultural attitudes, loneliness

Question 24

Name 3 modifiable risk factors for developing coronary heart disease

Answer 24

Smoking, hypertension, high cholesterol/high lipid levels, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, diabetes
and poor diet

Question 25

heart risk tool

Answer 25

qrisk3

Question 26

Instrumental
Activities of Daily Living

Answer 26

Managing medications correctly
Using the telephone
Doing a food shop at the supermarket
Using public transport

Question 27

Wilson and Jugner criteria for screening?

Answer 27

The condition being screened for should be a significant health problem.
The condition’s natural history, should be well understood.
There should be a recognizable early or latent symptomatic stage.
There should be a suitable test or examination
There should be an accepted treatment for patients with a recognized disease
The costs of case finding, including diagnosis and treatment, should be economically balanced in relation to overall medical care expenditures.
There should be an agreed policy on who should be treated as patients.

Question 28

specificity eq

Answer 28

TN/ (FP + TN),

Question 29

sensitivity eq

Answer 29

TP/ (TP + FN)

Question 30

relative risk diff eq

Answer 30

new - old/old times 100

Question 31

Cross sectional study definition

Answer 31

observational analytical concurrent
study of an association at only one point in time?

Question 32

number needed to treat?

Answer 32

The number of people that have an intervention or treatment to prevent an outcome to one person

Question 33

advantage of cohort studies

Answer 33

Little ethical issues, clarity on event sequence

Question 34

What is regarded as the ‘gold standard’ investigation of choice for study designs?

Answer 34

randomised control trial

Question 35

How much of a study’s data can be found within 1 standard deviation?

Answer 35

68%
(95% in 2)
(99.7% in 3)

Question 36

two adv of RCT

Answer 36

BLINDING/DOUBLE BLINDING. RANDOMISATION.

Question 37

Define standard error, and write the equation used to calculate it.

Answer 37

Standard error = estimation of the true mean, using multiple standard deviations. (1)
SE = SD / n , where n = number of samples

Question 38

Give two characteristics of hospital care that may contribute to patient safety incidents.

Answer 38

Healthcare is complex, high risk, resource intensive, often shared responsibilities, practitioners often take risks unknowingly, combination of small events that are each of seemingly low importance

Question 39

Long, Neale & Vincent (2009) strategies

Answer 39

1. Simplification and standardisation of clinical processes 2. Checklists and aide memoires 3. Information technology 4. Team training 5. Risk management programmes 6. Mechanisms to improve uptake of evidence based treatment patterns

Question 40

Long, Neale & Vincent (2009) also identified personal strategies to practice safely.

Answer 40

Try to develop your internal alarm bells 2. Seek help when feeling overwhelmed 3. Use clinical guidelines where available 4. Always document your thought processes, actions, and plans 5. Checking results and all recorded information 6. Speaking up if an error is suspected.