Sudan and S. Sudan (Environmental)

Question 1

Who is involved?

Answer 1

1. The Janjaweed
2. Sudanese Liberation Movement (SLM)
3. Justice and Equality Movement (JEM)
4. The Sudanese Tribes

Question 2

What was the nature/cause of the conflict?

Answer 2

1. Government favours Arab migration, so demand on resources.
2. Competition between farmers and villagers over resources.
3. Overpopulation leading to land degradation.
4. Breakdown of the 1972 Addis Ababa Agreement which kept peace of Civil Conflict.

Question 3

3 ways of expression were…

Answer 3

1. The Janjaweed started an Air Bombardment destroying villages.
2. Landmines were placed near areas of regrowth and water sources.
3. 1980 Civil war

Question 4

What were the social impacts?

Answer 4

1. 5 million people have been displaced.
2. Thousands of people have been killed.
3. 15 million people have been directly affected in Sudan.
4. Destroyed homes and villages mean that people have lost their livelihoods and have to start over.

Question 5

The economic effects were…

Answer 5

1. Destroyed farmlands mean that pastoralists cannot harvest their crops for economical income.
2. Dumped minefields and plastic waste is increasing the future cost of demining with the already low GDP.

Question 6

The environmental impacts were…

Answer 6

1. Landmines have affected 32% of the country.
2. There were higher animal than human casualties.
3. Highly toxic and slowly degrading explosives such as RDX and TNT pollute the environment.
4. Deforestation led to soil erosion due to surface runoff.
5. Land cratering by explosives destroys wildlife habitats.

Question 7

Positive impacts to the environments are…

Answer 7

1. reduced access to mined areas means that it can regrow and be repopulated by wildlife.

Question 8

Population displacement has caused…

Answer 8

1. De-vegetation
2. Unsustainable groundwater extraction
3. Uncontrolled urban growth
4. Water pollution in refugee camps