Sudan Flashcards
When was the Egyptian conquest of Sudan?
1820-1824
When was Egyptian rule in Sudan established?
1821
From 1877 to 1800 what was General Gordan doing?
He was the Governor-General of Sudan.
Whilst Gordon was the Governor-General of Sudan, from whom was he technically acting on the behalf of?
the Egyptian leader (Isma’il)
When was General Gordon the Governor-General of Sudan?
1877 to 1800
Who was proclaimed the Mahdi?
Muhammad Ahmed
When was Muhammad Ahmed proclaimed the Mahdi?
29th June 1881
What does Mahdi mean?
the messianic redeemer of Islam and the final successor of the prophet Muhammad
What does Jihad mean?
holy war
The Egyptian Administration assembled a force of how many troops to deal with the Mahdist army once it had started taking over a lot of places?
4,000
When did the Mahdist army assault the troops that the Egyptian Administration had put together to deal with them once that had started taking over a lot of places?
7th of June 1882
On the 7th of June 1882, how many of the Egyptian troops survived the assault?
0
By when had the Mahdist army taken over the complete area surrounding Khartoum?
By the end of 1882
When did the Egyptian troops build at Khartoum?
The Summer of 1883
The Egyptian troops at Khartoum had how many infantries?
7,300
The Egyptian troops at Khartoum had how many calvaries?
1,000
The Egyptian troops at Khartoum had how many machine guns?
20
Who commanded the troops at Khartoum?
William Hocks and 12 other European Officers
The Mahdi assembled an army of how many people once Egyptian troops started gathering at Khartoum?
4,000
Where was the battle between Hicks’ Egyptian troops and the Mahdist army?
El Obeid
When was the battle at El Obeid?
3rd + 4th November
How many Egyptian troops survived the battle of Khartoum?
500
After the battle at El Obeid maintaining the garrison in Sudan was costing the Egyptian government over how many Egyptian pounds a year?
100,000
Who was appointed to oversee the withdrawal of all Egyptian garrisons from Sudan?
General Charles Gordan
When did General Gordan arrive at Khatroum?
18th February 1884
When did the siege on Khartoum begin?
3rd March 1884
After how much siege was there no more food left in Khartoum?
10 months (more or less the entire time)
When did Gladstone agree to send the expedition/ relief force?
July 2884.
Who led Gladstone’s expedition?
Sir Garnet Wolseley
When did Gladstone’s expedition enter Sudan?
January 1885
How long in total did the siege last?
313 days
When did Khartoum fall?
26th January 1885
What percentage of the Egyptian garrison was killed when Khartoum fell?
100%
How many Sudanese civilians were killed when Khartoum fell?
4,000
When did Gladstone’s expedition arrive in Khartoum?
28th January 1885
Sudan (6)
- The Before Stuff. (2)
- Mahdi Set Up. (2)
- The Mahdist army taking over a lot of places and the Egyptians not liking this. (2)
- Battle for Khartoum. (5)
- Plans and Activity Regarding Movement and Evacuation. (4)
- Too Little and Certainly Too Late. (5)
- The Before Stuff. (2)
a. The Egyptian Conquest of Sudan. (3)
b. General Charles Gordon sent to act as Governor-General of Sudan. (3)
- The Before Stuff. (2)
a. The Egyptian Conquest of Sudan. (3)
i. 1820-1824
ii. Egyptian rule of Sudan established in 1821.
iii. The Egyptians wanted Sudan because their leader wanted a large and steady supply of slaves.
- The Before Stuff. (2)
b. General Charles Gordon sent to act as Governor-General of Sudan. (3)
i. After acquisition of Suez Canal Influence in Egypt had been growing.
ii. Gordan sent to Sudan as Governor-General on behalf of the Egyptian leader (Isma’il).
iii. This was from 1877 to 1800.
- Mahdi Set Up. (2)
a. Muhammad Ahmed proclaimed the Mahdi. (3)
b. Ahmed formed an army. (3)
- Mahdi Set Up. (2)
a. Muhammad Ahmed proclaimed the Mahdi. (3)
i. 29th June 1881
ii. “Mahdi”- the messianic redeemer of Islam and the final successor of the prophet Muhammad.
iii. This happens during widespread resentment among the Sudanese population towards the oppressive policies of the Turco-Egyptian rulers.
- Mahdi Set Up. (2)
b. Ahmed formed an army. (3)
i. Backed up by decades of bitterness over Egyptian rule as well as newer resentment over the British.
ii. Ahmed transformed a political movement into a religious one.
iii. He urged “jihad” (holy war) against imperial Egypt and thus formed his army.
- The Mahdist army taking over a lot of places and the Egyptians not liking this. (2)
a. Egyptian (bad) move. (4)
b. After various more successful uprisings, the Mahdist army complete control of area surrounding Khartoum. (1)
- The Mahdist army taking over a lot of places and the Egyptians not liking this. (2)
a. Egyptian (bad) move. (4)
i. Egyptian administration in Sudan was concerned over the scale of the uprising.
ii. Assembled a force of 4,000 troops to deal with it.
iii. Overconfidence meant that they camped within sight of the Mahdist army without posting lookouts.
iv. 7th of June 1882, at dawn the Mahdi’s assaulted them and not a single troop survived.
- The Mahdist army taking over a lot of places and the Egyptians not liking this. (2)
b. After various more successful uprisings, the Mahdist army complete control of area surrounding Khartoum. (1)
i. By the end of 1882
- Battle for Khartoum. (5)
a. Egyptian troops build at Khartoum. (1)
b. What were they Equipped with? (4)
c. Organisation of the Egyptian troops (3)
d. The Mahdi Prepares. (3)
e. Egyptian troops and Mahdist army fight. (5)
- Battle for Khartoum. (5)
a. Egyptian troops build at Khartoum. (1)
i. Summer 1883
- Battle for Khartoum. (5)
b. What were they Equipped with? (4)
i. 7,300 infantries.
ii. 1000 cavalries.
iii. 20 machine guns.
iv. Artillery
- Battle for Khartoum. (5)
c. Organisation of the Egyptian troops (3)
i. Soldiers were untrained and undisciplined.
ii. Under command of William Hicks…
iii. And 12 European Officers.
- Battle for Khartoum. (5)
d. The Mahdi Prepares. (3)
i. Assembles an army of about 4,000 men.
ii. Rigorously trains them for warfare.
iii. Equips them with the arms and ammunition captured in previous battles.
- Battle for Khartoum. (5)
e. Egyptian troops and Mahdist army fight. (5)
i. 3rd + 4th November
ii. Happens at El Obeid.
iii. Hick’s forces offered battle.
iv. Hicks’ troops lose.
v. Only 500 Egyptians survive (Unlike Hicks himself)
- Plans and Activity Regarding Movement and Evacuation. (4)
a. After the battle maintaining the garrison in Sudan was costing the Egyptian government over 100,000 Egyptian pounds a year.
b. Plans and movements (to plan). (3)
c. Gordon gets to Khartoum. (3)
d. While Gordon’s in Khartoum. (5)
- Plans and Activity Regarding Movement and Evacuation. (4)
b. Plans and movements (to plan). (3)
i. As it was too expensive to maintain, it was decided that Egyptian presence should be withdrawn.
ii. The country could be left to some form of self-government (presumably headed by the Mahdi).
iii. General Charles Gordo was appointed to oversee the withdrawal of all Egyptian garrisons from Sudan.
- Plans and Activity Regarding Movement and Evacuation. (4)
c. Gordon gets to Khartoum. (3)
i. Arrives on the 18th February 1884.
ii. The Egyptian garrisons are spread far and wide in Egypt and are often surrounded by Mahdist territory.
iii. Gordon is worried that if the garrisons were to leave their defensive positions that there was no guarantee that they would be undefeated by the Mahdi.
- Plans and Activity Regarding Movement and Evacuation. (4)
d. While Gordon’s in Khartoum. (5)
i. While arguably the most sensible thing to do would have been to help secure the safety of the garrison in Khartoum and to abandon the other to the Mahdi…
ii. Gordon became increasingly reluctant to leave as he felt it would be dishonourable to abandon any soldiers to the Mahdi.
iii. He also became increasingly worried about the Mahdi’s potential to cause trouble for the British in Egypt if they were in charge of Sudan.
iv. He announced that he’d hold out against the Mahdi until reinforcements were sent.
v. He wants to protect those in the city and force Britain to help.
- Too Little and Certainly Too Late. (5)
a. The Siege. (4)
b. The media was outraged at the Government abandoning their precious little hero by not sending reinforcements. (4)
c. Gladstone gives in and sends an expedition. (5)
d. Khartoum Falls (3)
e. The Expedition arrives. (1)
- Too Little and Certainly Too Late. (5)
a. The Siege. (4)
i. Began on the 3rd March 1884.
ii. After 10 months of siege (more or less the entire time) there was no food left in Khartoum.
iii. Lots and lots of violence.
iv. The water level of the Nile was protecting them, but it dropped further and further every day.
- Too Little and Certainly Too Late. (5)
c. Gladstone gives in and sends an expedition. (5)
i. July 2884.
ii. Very reluctantly.
iii. The press and public opinion forced his hand.
iv. The expedition was led by Sir Garnet Wolseley.
v. Entered Sudan in January 1885
- Too Little and Certainly Too Late. (5)
b. The media was outraged at the Government abandoning their precious little hero by not sending reinforcements. (4)
i. He’s awesome.
ii. They’ve already supported him saying he can do it.
iii. He’s a Christian soldier who works for imperialism.
iv. Gordon has been “deserted” by the Government. How DARE they?!?!?!
- Too Little and Certainly Too Late. (5)
d. Khartoum Falls (3)
i. After the siege had lasted 313 days.
ii. It fell on the 26th January 1885.
iii. Gordon, the entire garrison of soldiers, and 4,000 Sudanese civilians were killed.
- Too Little and Certainly Too Late. (5)
e. The Expedition arrives. (1)
i. On the 28th January.
