Sudan

Question 1

When was the Egyptian conquest of Sudan?

Answer 1

1820-1824

Question 2

When was Egyptian rule in Sudan established?

Answer 2

1821

Question 3

From 1877 to 1800 what was General Gordan doing?

Answer 3

He was the Governor-General of Sudan.

Question 4

Whilst Gordon was the Governor-General of Sudan, from whom was he technically acting on the behalf of?

Answer 4

the Egyptian leader (Isma’il)

Question 5

When was General Gordon the Governor-General of Sudan?

Answer 5

1877 to 1800

Question 6

Who was proclaimed the Mahdi?

Answer 6

Muhammad Ahmed

Question 7

When was Muhammad Ahmed proclaimed the Mahdi?

Answer 7

29th June 1881

Question 8

What does Mahdi mean?

Answer 8

the messianic redeemer of Islam and the final successor of the prophet Muhammad

Question 9

What does Jihad mean?

Answer 9

holy war

Question 10

The Egyptian Administration assembled a force of how many troops to deal with the Mahdist army once it had started taking over a lot of places?

Answer 10

4,000

Question 11

When did the Mahdist army assault the troops that the Egyptian Administration had put together to deal with them once that had started taking over a lot of places?

Answer 11

7th of June 1882

Question 12

On the 7th of June 1882, how many of the Egyptian troops survived the assault?

Answer 12

0

Question 13

By when had the Mahdist army taken over the complete area surrounding Khartoum?

Answer 13

By the end of 1882

Question 14

When did the Egyptian troops build at Khartoum?

Answer 14

The Summer of 1883

Question 15

The Egyptian troops at Khartoum had how many infantries?

Answer 15

7,300

Question 16

The Egyptian troops at Khartoum had how many calvaries?

Answer 16

1,000

Question 17

The Egyptian troops at Khartoum had how many machine guns?

Answer 17

20

Question 18

Who commanded the troops at Khartoum?

Answer 18

William Hocks and 12 other European Officers

Question 19

The Mahdi assembled an army of how many people once Egyptian troops started gathering at Khartoum?

Answer 19

4,000

Question 20

Where was the battle between Hicks’ Egyptian troops and the Mahdist army?

Answer 20

El Obeid

Question 21

When was the battle at El Obeid?

Answer 21

3rd + 4th November

Question 22

How many Egyptian troops survived the battle of Khartoum?

Answer 22

500

Question 23

After the battle at El Obeid maintaining the garrison in Sudan was costing the Egyptian government over how many Egyptian pounds a year?

Answer 23

100,000

Question 24

Who was appointed to oversee the withdrawal of all Egyptian garrisons from Sudan?

Answer 24

General Charles Gordan

Question 25

When did General Gordan arrive at Khatroum?

Answer 25

18th February 1884

Question 26

When did the siege on Khartoum begin?

Answer 26

3rd March 1884

Question 27

After how much siege was there no more food left in Khartoum?

Answer 27

10 months (more or less the entire time)

Question 28

When did Gladstone agree to send the expedition/ relief force?

Answer 28

July 2884.

Question 29

Who led Gladstone’s expedition?

Answer 29

Sir Garnet Wolseley

Question 30

When did Gladstone’s expedition enter Sudan?

Answer 30

January 1885

Question 31

How long in total did the siege last?

Answer 31

313 days

Question 32

When did Khartoum fall?

Answer 32

26th January 1885

Question 33

What percentage of the Egyptian garrison was killed when Khartoum fell?

Answer 33

100%

Question 34

How many Sudanese civilians were killed when Khartoum fell?

Answer 34

4,000

Question 35

When did Gladstone’s expedition arrive in Khartoum?

Answer 35

28th January 1885

Question 36

Sudan (6)

Answer 36

1. The Before Stuff. (2)
2. Mahdi Set Up. (2)
3. The Mahdist army taking over a lot of places and the Egyptians not liking this. (2)
4. Battle for Khartoum. (5)
5. Plans and Activity Regarding Movement and Evacuation. (4)
6. Too Little and Certainly Too Late. (5)

Question 37

1. The Before Stuff. (2)

Answer 37

a. The Egyptian Conquest of Sudan. (3)
b. General Charles Gordon sent to act as Governor-General of Sudan. (3)

Question 38

1. The Before Stuff. (2)
   a. The Egyptian Conquest of Sudan. (3)

Answer 38

i. 1820-1824
ii. Egyptian rule of Sudan established in 1821.
iii. The Egyptians wanted Sudan because their leader wanted a large and steady supply of slaves.

Question 39

1. The Before Stuff. (2)
   b. General Charles Gordon sent to act as Governor-General of Sudan. (3)

Answer 39

i. After acquisition of Suez Canal Influence in Egypt had been growing.
ii. Gordan sent to Sudan as Governor-General on behalf of the Egyptian leader (Isma’il).
iii. This was from 1877 to 1800.

Question 40

2. Mahdi Set Up. (2)

Answer 40

a. Muhammad Ahmed proclaimed the Mahdi. (3)
b. Ahmed formed an army. (3)

Question 41

2. Mahdi Set Up. (2)
   a. Muhammad Ahmed proclaimed the Mahdi. (3)

Answer 41

i. 29th June 1881
ii. “Mahdi”- the messianic redeemer of Islam and the final successor of the prophet Muhammad.
iii. This happens during widespread resentment among the Sudanese population towards the oppressive policies of the Turco-Egyptian rulers.

Question 42

2. Mahdi Set Up. (2)
   b. Ahmed formed an army. (3)

Answer 42

i. Backed up by decades of bitterness over Egyptian rule as well as newer resentment over the British.
ii. Ahmed transformed a political movement into a religious one.
iii. He urged “jihad” (holy war) against imperial Egypt and thus formed his army.

Question 43

3. The Mahdist army taking over a lot of places and the Egyptians not liking this. (2)

Answer 43

a. Egyptian (bad) move. (4)
b. After various more successful uprisings, the Mahdist army complete control of area surrounding Khartoum. (1)

Question 44

3. The Mahdist army taking over a lot of places and the Egyptians not liking this. (2)
   a. Egyptian (bad) move. (4)

Answer 44

i. Egyptian administration in Sudan was concerned over the scale of the uprising.
ii. Assembled a force of 4,000 troops to deal with it.
iii. Overconfidence meant that they camped within sight of the Mahdist army without posting lookouts.
iv. 7th of June 1882, at dawn the Mahdi’s assaulted them and not a single troop survived.

Question 45

3. The Mahdist army taking over a lot of places and the Egyptians not liking this. (2)
   b. After various more successful uprisings, the Mahdist army complete control of area surrounding Khartoum. (1)

Answer 45

i. By the end of 1882

Question 46

4. Battle for Khartoum. (5)

Answer 46

a. Egyptian troops build at Khartoum. (1)
b. What were they Equipped with? (4)
c. Organisation of the Egyptian troops (3)
d. The Mahdi Prepares. (3)
e. Egyptian troops and Mahdist army fight. (5)

Question 47

4. Battle for Khartoum. (5)
   a. Egyptian troops build at Khartoum. (1)

Answer 47

i. Summer 1883

Question 48

4. Battle for Khartoum. (5)
   b. What were they Equipped with? (4)

Answer 48

i. 7,300 infantries.
ii. 1000 cavalries.
iii. 20 machine guns.
iv. Artillery

Question 48

4. Battle for Khartoum. (5)
   c. Organisation of the Egyptian troops (3)

Answer 48

i. Soldiers were untrained and undisciplined.
ii. Under command of William Hicks…
iii. And 12 European Officers.

Question 50

4. Battle for Khartoum. (5)
   d. The Mahdi Prepares. (3)

Answer 50

i. Assembles an army of about 4,000 men.
ii. Rigorously trains them for warfare.
iii. Equips them with the arms and ammunition captured in previous battles.

Question 51

4. Battle for Khartoum. (5)
   e. Egyptian troops and Mahdist army fight. (5)

Answer 51

i. 3rd + 4th November
ii. Happens at El Obeid.
iii. Hick’s forces offered battle.
iv. Hicks’ troops lose.
v. Only 500 Egyptians survive (Unlike Hicks himself)

Question 52

5. Plans and Activity Regarding Movement and Evacuation. (4)

Answer 52

a. After the battle maintaining the garrison in Sudan was costing the Egyptian government over 100,000 Egyptian pounds a year.
b. Plans and movements (to plan). (3)
c. Gordon gets to Khartoum. (3)
d. While Gordon’s in Khartoum. (5)

Question 53

5. Plans and Activity Regarding Movement and Evacuation. (4)
   b. Plans and movements (to plan). (3)

Answer 53

i. As it was too expensive to maintain, it was decided that Egyptian presence should be withdrawn.
ii. The country could be left to some form of self-government (presumably headed by the Mahdi).
iii. General Charles Gordo was appointed to oversee the withdrawal of all Egyptian garrisons from Sudan.

Question 54

5. Plans and Activity Regarding Movement and Evacuation. (4)
   c. Gordon gets to Khartoum. (3)

Answer 54

i. Arrives on the 18th February 1884.
ii. The Egyptian garrisons are spread far and wide in Egypt and are often surrounded by Mahdist territory.
iii. Gordon is worried that if the garrisons were to leave their defensive positions that there was no guarantee that they would be undefeated by the Mahdi.

Question 55

5. Plans and Activity Regarding Movement and Evacuation. (4)
   d. While Gordon’s in Khartoum. (5)

Answer 55

i. While arguably the most sensible thing to do would have been to help secure the safety of the garrison in Khartoum and to abandon the other to the Mahdi…
ii. Gordon became increasingly reluctant to leave as he felt it would be dishonourable to abandon any soldiers to the Mahdi.
iii. He also became increasingly worried about the Mahdi’s potential to cause trouble for the British in Egypt if they were in charge of Sudan.
iv. He announced that he’d hold out against the Mahdi until reinforcements were sent.
v. He wants to protect those in the city and force Britain to help.

Question 56

6. Too Little and Certainly Too Late. (5)

Answer 56

a. The Siege. (4)
b. The media was outraged at the Government abandoning their precious little hero by not sending reinforcements. (4)
c. Gladstone gives in and sends an expedition. (5)
d. Khartoum Falls (3)
e. The Expedition arrives. (1)

Question 57

6. Too Little and Certainly Too Late. (5)
   a. The Siege. (4)

Answer 57

i. Began on the 3rd March 1884.
ii. After 10 months of siege (more or less the entire time) there was no food left in Khartoum.
iii. Lots and lots of violence.
iv. The water level of the Nile was protecting them, but it dropped further and further every day.

Question 58

6. Too Little and Certainly Too Late. (5)
   c. Gladstone gives in and sends an expedition. (5)

Answer 58

i. July 2884.
ii. Very reluctantly.
iii. The press and public opinion forced his hand.
iv. The expedition was led by Sir Garnet Wolseley.
v. Entered Sudan in January 1885

Question 58

6. Too Little and Certainly Too Late. (5)
   b. The media was outraged at the Government abandoning their precious little hero by not sending reinforcements. (4)

Answer 58

i. He’s awesome.
ii. They’ve already supported him saying he can do it.
iii. He’s a Christian soldier who works for imperialism.
iv. Gordon has been “deserted” by the Government. How DARE they?!?!?!

Question 60

6. Too Little and Certainly Too Late. (5)
   d. Khartoum Falls (3)

Answer 60

i. After the siege had lasted 313 days.
ii. It fell on the 26th January 1885.
iii. Gordon, the entire garrison of soldiers, and 4,000 Sudanese civilians were killed.

Question 62

6. Too Little and Certainly Too Late. (5)
   e. The Expedition arrives. (1)

Answer 62

i. On the 28th January.