Substance Use and Addictive Disorders Flashcards
what is the third leading cause of preventable death and disability in the US?
alcohol abuse and addiction
what is highest among young adults 18 to 25?
binge drinking and heavy alcohol
what is the most commonly used illicit drug in the US?
marijuana
what are the substances most commonly misused by college students?
alcohol
marijuana use
medically unsupervised amphetamines
medically unsupervised sedatives/tranquilizers
ectasy/3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine
prescription, opioid narcotics, cocaine, and hallucinogen
inhalants, gamma hydroxybutyrate, ketamine, and heroin
who has the highest usage of alcohol use?
Native Americans and Mexican-American adolescent males
what is the most widely used drug by African Americans?
alcohol
who reports the most frequent, heavy drinking and alcohol-related problems?
Mexican American men
which group has the lowest among Asian and Pacific Islanders and Cuban Americans?
substance abuse
which gender abuses chemicals ?
men
what is the definition of use?
when one drinks, swallows, smokes, sniffs, inhales, or injects a mind-altering substance
what is abuse?
use of alcohol or drugs for the purpose of intoxication, or, in the case of prescription drugs, for purposes beyond their intended use
what is addiciton?
an irresistible psychological and/or physiological need to continue the substance use or behavior despite the harm it causes; may or may not include physical dependence
what is physical dependence?
physiological requirement for the substance by the brain, as evidenced by development of tolerance and withdrawal when use decreases or stops
what is a craving?
an urgent desire for a substance or behavior to which one is addicted, often in response to triggers, that is very difficult to resist
what is tolerance?
physiological adaptation to a substance such that increasing amounts are needed to achieve the same affect
what is cross tolerance?
substances that are pharmacologically interchangeable in terms of how the body responds; e.g.g if one develops tolerance to alcohol, he also has tolerance for benzodiazepines and would require a higher dose of the benzodiazepines to achieve their usual effect. we take advantage of this property to treat dependence, e.g. we replace alcohol with benzodiazepines and gradually reduce their dosage during medically supervised detoxification
what is withdrawal?
state characterized by adverse physical and psychological symptoms occurring when on ceases using a substance to which the brain has acclimated
what is a trigger?
anything which cues or prompts a response, e.g. seeing a bar may trigger a craving for alcohol
what is detoxification?
safely withdrawing a person from an addictive substance, usually medical supervision, by providing a substance for which there is cross tolerance in gradually decreasing amounts
what is relapse?
the recurrence of alcohol- or drug-dependent behavior in an individual who has previously abstinence for a significant time beyond the period of detoxification
what are disorders wherein one has great difficulty refraining from using a substance or engaging in a behavior despite significant resulting harm?
substance-related and addictive disorders
what are type of substance-related and addictive disorders?
abuse of a substance
addiction and/or dependence on a substance
intoxication or withdrawal from a substance
behavioral addictions
what can happen with tox screens?
substances screened for in a standard tox screen can vary with the lab doing these, and screens do not test for all abusable substances
even when a screen tests for a substance some related substances may not show up
some common meds can causes false positives for other drugs
what is the chemical hook theory?
the nature of the substance itself reinforces its use- once the brain has been exposed, it “has to have it”