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Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders Flashcards

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1
Q

what is psychosis?

A

altered cognition
altered perception
impaired reality testing

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2
Q

what is altered cognition?

A

disorganized thoughts

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3
Q

what is impaired reality testing?

A

ability to tell real/not real
loss of contact with distortion of reality
hallucinations or delusional thinking

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4
Q

when is the onset of schizophrenia?

A

late adolescence or early adulthood (15-25 years)

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5
Q

what age does childhood onset of schizophrenia occur?

A

before 15 years

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6
Q

what age does late onset of schizophrenia occur?

A

after 40 years

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7
Q

how many phases occur in the late onset of schizophrenia?

A

four phases

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8
Q

what is the prodromal phase of schizophrenia?

A

it can last a few weeks to a few years
deterioration in role functioning and social withdrawal
substantial functional impairment

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9
Q

what are the symptoms within the prodromal phase of schizophrenia?

A

sleep disturbance
anxiety
irritability
depressed mood
poor concentration
fatigue

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10
Q

what are the late symptoms of prodromal phase of schizophrenia?

A

ideas of reference
suspiciousness
imminent onset of psychosis

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11
Q

what are the symptoms of the acute phase of schizophrenia?

A

a patient needs 2 or more, where at least 1 of the symptoms have to be 1-3

  1. delusion
  2. hallucinations
  3. disorganized speech
  4. grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior
  5. negative symptoms

decreased level of functioning in 1 or more major areas- social/occupational dysfunction

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12
Q

what is the duration of the symptoms within the acute phase of schizoprhenia?

A

must last at least 6 months with 1 month of symptoms (or less if successfully treated)

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13
Q

what must be ruled out first before the diagnosis of schizophrenia can be made?

A

schizoaffective disorders
mood disorders
substance abuse
medications
medical condition
if history of autism spectrum disorder or communication disorder, one must have prominent delusions or hallucinations for diagnosis

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14
Q

what are the classification of symptoms with schizophrenia?

A

positive symptoms
negative symptoms
cognitive symptoms
affective symptoms

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15
Q

what are examples of positive symptoms?

A

delusions
speech alterations
disorganized thinking
perception
catatonia
motor retardiation
motor agitation
alterations in behavior

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16
Q

what are examples of delusions?

A

persecutory
grandiose
referential
control or influence
somatic
nihilistic
religiosity
erotomantic

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17
Q

what is a delusion?

A

fixed false belief

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18
Q

what is persecutory delusion?

A

is the belief that a person or people are out to get them

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19
Q

what is a grandiose delusion?

A

the patient’s see themselves in an exaggerated way of importance

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20
Q

what is a referential delusion?

A

the patient thinks everything in the environment pertains to them

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21
Q

what is a control or influence delusion?

A

the patient believes someone has control over them

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22
Q

what is a somatic delusion?

A

the patient believes there is something physically wrong with them when there is not

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23
Q

what is a nihilistic delusion?

A

the patient thinks the “end of the world/days” is coming

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24
Q

what is a religiosity delusion?

A

the patient has an obsession of religion

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25
Q

what is an erotomantic delusion?

A

the patient believes someone likes or loves them and the other person may not even know them

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26
Q

what are examples of speech alterations?

A

associative looseness
word salad (schizophasia)
clang associations
neologisms
echolalia
cirumstantiality
tangentiality
pressured speech
flight of ideas
symbolic speech

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27
Q

what is associative looseness?

A

is the person is all over the place in their conversation, but each topic can loosely be put together

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28
Q

what is word salad (schizophasia)?

A

the patient is saying real words, but they are all jumbled up

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29
Q

what is clang associations?

A

when a patient rhymes all the words

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30
Q

what is neologisms?

A

the patient is saying words that do NOT exist, but they have meanings to the patient

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31
Q

what is echolalia?

A

the patient is repeating words or phrases and it is their way of trying to connect with the other person

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32
Q

what is circumstantiality?

A

the patient is giving a lot of details and then they get to the point

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33
Q

what is tangentiality?

A

the patient is going off on a tangent and not getting to the point

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34
Q

what is pressured speech?

A

the patient is talking really fast where another person may NOT be able to get a word in during the conversation

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35
Q

what is a flight of ideas?

A

the patient is all over the place in the conversation and changing the topics

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36
Q

what is symbolic speech?

A

the patient is utilizing symbols to describe their delusions

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37
Q

what are examples of disorganized thinking?

A

cognitive retardation
thought blocking
thought insertion
thought deletion
magical thinking
paranoia

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38
Q

what is cognitive retardation?

A

is a slowing of thoughts

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39
Q

what is thought blocking?

A

is when someone is talking and they completely forget

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40
Q

what is thought insertion?

A

is the patient believes someone may have put thoughts in their head

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41
Q

what is thought deletion?

A

the patient believes someone may have taken thoughts from their heads

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42
Q

what is magical thinking?

A

is normal in children, but not in adults’ when it is the patient thinks something about someone and something is bad happens to them the patient will blame themselves

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43
Q

what are some example of hallucinations?

A

auditory
visual
tactile
gustatory
olfactory
command

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44
Q

what are examples of altered perception in schizophrenia?

A

hallucinations
illusions
derealization

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45
Q

what are the most common hallucinations?

A

auditory hallucinations

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46
Q

what are the most dangerous hallucinations?

A

command hallucinations

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47
Q

what are command hallucinations?

A

are hallucinations telling them or showing them to do something; can lead to hurting themselves or others

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48
Q

what are illusions?

A

there is something in the environment, but they are perceiving it differently

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49
Q

what is derealization?

A

the reality around them seems weird or altered

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50
Q

what are examples of alterations in behavior?

A

catatonia
motor retardation
motor agitation
stereotyped behaviors
echopraxia
negativism
impaired impulse control
boundary impairment

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51
Q

what are symptoms are with catatonia?

A

catalepsy
waxy flexibility

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52
Q

what is waxy flexibility?

A

if someone was putting their arm for a BP, then after is taking it they will leave their arm up to the point of exhaustion

53
Q

what is stereotyped behavior?

A

repetitive behavior

54
Q

what is echopraxia?

A

repeating movement

55
Q

what are examples of negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

anhedonia
avolition
alogia
asociality
apathy
affective blunting
concrete thinking
impaired memory
impaired information processing
impaired executive functioning
anosognosia
thermoregulation issues
social isolation
impaired social interaction

56
Q

what is anhedonia?

A

inability to experience pleasure

57
Q

what is avolition?

A

having a hard time with motivation

58
Q

what is alogia?

A

is a poverty of speech; not many words to say, which can be due to the auditory hallucinations

59
Q

what is asociality?

A

do not seek to be with other people; do NOT want to seek the comfort

60
Q

what is apathy?

A

do not care and do not have strong feelings

61
Q

what is anosognosia?

A

do not believe they are sick, so they may not be compliant with their treatment

62
Q

what are the symptoms of maintenance or residual phase of schizophrenia?

A

the symptoms of acute phase are absent
the symptoms of prodromal phase are present
flat affect and impairment in role functioning
residual impairment increases between episodes

63
Q

what are the genetic/epigenetic risk factors?

A

identical twins have a 50% chance

64
Q

what are the biochemical risk factors of schizophrenia?

A

dopamine theory- high dopamine can lead to the positive symptoms of schizophrenia

65
Q

what are environmental risk factors of schizophrenia?

A

marijuana usage
early childhood trauma
tetrachlorethylene

66
Q

what are viral risk factors of schizophrenia?

A

human herpes virus 2 and human endogenous retrovirus 2
influenza

67
Q

what are the risk factors/prenatal stressors of schizophrenia?

A

pregnancy or birth complications
viral
yeast
psychological trauma to mother
Father > 35 years

68
Q

what are pregnancy or birth complications that potentially cause schizophrenia?

A

poor nutrition
hypoxia
infections
substance use/nicotine and marijuana included

69
Q

what are the brain structure abnormalities that are risk factors of schizophrenia?

A

-enlarged, lateral cerebral ventricles, 3rd ventricle dilation, ventricular asymmetry
-reduced cortical, frontal lobe, hippocampal, and cerebellar volumes
-increased size of fissures
-reduced cortical thickness
-reduced connectivity in various brain regions
-lower rate of blood flow and glucose metabolism in prefrontal cortex
-reduced volume of gray matter
-excessive activity in limbic system
-disordering of pyramidal cells in hippocampus

70
Q

what are psychological risk factors for schizophrenia?

A

stress- contributes to severity and course of illness; can precipitate psychotic episodes if genetically vulnerable
-childhood trauma
-downward shift hypothesis

71
Q

what is the downward shift hypothesis?

A

those that live in low socio-economic status, where they have more epigenetic problems that can bring the genetic pre-disposition to develop schizophrenia

72
Q

what are comorbidities with schizophrenia?

A

substance abuse
nicotine dependence
anxiety
depression
suicide
physical illness
polydipsia

73
Q

what can the polydipsia in a schizophrenia patient lead to?

A

can lead to fatal water intoxication
hyponatremia
confusion that can worsen psychotic symptoms leading to a coma

74
Q

what is schizoaffective disorder?

A

is the combination of a mood disorder and schizophrenia; mostly have positive symptoms

75
Q

how long does brief psychotic disorder?

A

symptoms appear for at least 1 day but less than a month

76
Q

what is schizophreniform disorder?

A

lasts 1 month but less than 6 months

77
Q

what is delusion disorder?

A

is one delusion, but no other schizophrenia symptoms

78
Q

what is folie a deux?

A

it is a shared psychotic disorder

79
Q

what are different general medical conditions that can cause a psychotic disorder?

A

neurological
endocrine
metabolic
autoimmune
fluid/electrolyte imbalance
hepatic/renal disease

80
Q

what are the treatment goal for the acute phase?

A

safety and stabilize

81
Q

what are the treatment goals for once a schizophrenia patient is stable?

A

understanding of illness/treatment
optimal medications
psychosocial treatment regimen

82
Q

what are the maintenance treatment goals for those with schizophrenia?

A

maintaining and increasing symptom control/insight
adhere to treatment
prevent relapse
maintain and increase independence
satisfactory quality of life

83
Q

what happens during individual psychotherapy?

A

not insight oriented-reality oriented

84
Q

what is the goal of individual psychotherapy?

A

improve compliance, enhance social/occupational functioning and prevent relapse

85
Q

when is group therapy for schizophrenia patients successful?

A

during outpatient

86
Q

what is the goal of group therapy for schizophrenia patients?

A

real-life plans, problems, relationships
reduces social isolation and improves reality testing

87
Q

what is the goal of behavior therapy for schizophrenia patients?

A

reduces bizarre, disturbing, deviant behaviors/increase appropriate behaviors

88
Q

what are treatments for schizophrenia?

A

social skills training
milieu therapy
family therapy
program of assertive community treatment
recovery model

89
Q

what are the goals of social skills training?

A

uses shaping and roleplaying- goal is functional skills needed for ADLs
immediate feedback/repititon

90
Q

what are the reasons to utilize antipsychotics?

A

used for schizophrenia/other psychotic disorders
selected agents used for bipolar mania
some as antiemetic or tx of intractable hiccoughs
some for tics or vocal utterances in Tourette’s disorder

91
Q

what are typical/first generation antipsychotic?

A

dopamine antagonists

92
Q

what is the mechanism of action of dopamine antagonists?

A

inhibit dopamine- mediated transmission of nueral impulses at synpases

helps to get rid of positive symptoms

93
Q

what are examples of typical/first generation antipsychotic?

A

Chlorpromazine (Thorazine)
Fluphenazine (Prolixin)
Haloperiodol (Haldol)
Haloperiodol decanoate

94
Q

why is Haldol usually utilized?

A

when patients are in the acute phase and experiencing agression

95
Q

what are more potent agonists of serotonin type 2A receptors?

A

atypical/second generation antipsychotics

96
Q

what are examples of atypical/second generation antipsychotics?

A

Risperdone (Risperdal)
Clozapine (Clozaril)
Olazapine (Zyprexa)
Quetiapine (Seroquel)
Ziprasadone (Geodon)
Brexpiprazole (Rexulti)
Aripiprazole (Abilify)
Sasenapien (Saphris)
Illoperidone (Fnapt)
Lurasidone (Latuda)
Cariprazine (Vraylar)
Paliperidone (Invega)

97
Q

what are the black box warning for typical and atypical antipsychotics?

A

elderly with neurocognitive disorders
related psychosis
increased risk of death if given antipsychotic, usually from stroke

98
Q

what are contraindications/cautions of typical and atypical antipsychotics?

A

CNS depression
blood dyscrasias- no clozapine with myloprooliferative disorder
Parkinson’s disease
liver and renal
poorly controlled seizure disorders
history of prolonged QT interval
other medications that prolong QT interval
cardiac arrhythmias
recurrent MI, uncompensated HF

99
Q

what drugs is a person with a prolonged QT interval NOT allowed to take?

A

haloperidol
ziprasidone
risperidone
paliperidone

100
Q

what are some side effects of antipsychotic medications?

A

blocking cholinergic receptors (anticholinergic)- dry mouth, dry eyes, blurred vision, constipation, urinary retention, female sexual dysfunction

blocks alpha-adrenergic receptors- orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, reflex tachycardia, tremors

histamine blockade- weight gain and sedation

nausea; GI upset

sedation

photosensitivity

hormonal sexual effects- prolactin elevation; decreased libido, retrograde ejaculation, gynecomastia, possible reduced fertility, amenorrhea

reduction in seizure threshold

agranulocytosis- increase risk of infection

liver failure

extrapyramidal symptoms

neuroleptic malignant syndrome

101
Q

what are extrapyramidal symptoms?

A

pseudo-parkinsonism
akinesia
akathisia
acute dystonia
oculogyric crisis
tardive dyskinesia

102
Q

what are the symptoms of pseudo-parkinsonism?

A

tremor, shuffling gait, pill rolling finger movement, drooling from reduction in spontaneous swallowing, rigidity

these symptoms can occur 1-5 days after starting medicaiton

103
Q

what is the treatment for pseudo-parkinsonism?

A

give antiparkinsonian
give more dopamine
IM or PO benztropine mesylate (Cogentin)
trihexyphenidyl (Artane)

104
Q

what is akinesia?

A

muscular weakness

105
Q

what is the treatment for akinesia?

A

carbidopa/levodopa (Sinemet) PO

106
Q

what is akathisia?

A

continuous restlesness
severe feeling to have to constantly stay on the move
pacing, tapping
repetitive movement

107
Q

what is the treatment for akathisia?

A

antiparkinsonian plus propranolol (INderal)
lorazepam (Ativan)

108
Q

what is acute dystonia?

A

it is an emergency

sudden sustained contraction of muscles
spasms of face, arms, legs, neck (toricollis)

often in men/those < 25 years

109
Q

what is oculogyric crisis?

A

it is an emergency

uncontrolled rolling back of eyes

can occur as a part of dystonia

110
Q

what are the treatments for acute dystonia and oculogyric crisis?

A

stop medication
monitor airway
give antiparkinsonia
IM benztropine mesylate (Cogentin)
diphenhydramine (Benadryl)

111
Q

what is tardive dyskinesia?

A

it is an emergency

bizarre facial and tongue movements
stiff neck
lip smacking. licking
difficulty swallowing

at risk long term-months/years
potentially irreversible
use abnormal involuntary movement scale (AIMS) rating scale every 3 months

112
Q

what is the treatment for tardive dyskinesia?

A

stop drug at first sign of the tongue feeling heavy and any issues chewing

monitor airway
IM benztropine mesylate (Cogentin)
IM/IV diphenhydramine (Benadryl)
dopaminergic agonsists- amantadine (Symmetrel)
valbenazine capsules (Ingrezza)

113
Q

what are prophylactic treatment with an anticholinergic agent?

A

prevent an acute dystonic reaction in patients who receive IM haloperidol (e.g. in the treatment of acute agitation or psychosis)

114
Q

when can neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

A

hours or years of starting medications

very rare

115
Q

what are the side effects of neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

A

severe Parkinsonian muscle rigidity
hyperpyrexia (very high fever > 103 F)
tachycardia
tachypnea
fluctuations in BP
diaphoresis
rapid deterioration of mental status to stupor and coma

116
Q

what is the treatment of neuroleptic malignant?

A

stop medication

give bromocriptine (Parlodel)
dopamine agonist dantrolene (Dantrium)
cooling blankets/IV fluids

117
Q

what are the side effects of second generation antipsychotic?

A

metabolic syndrome

118
Q

what is metabolic syndrome?

A

abdominal weight gain
dyslipidemia
insulin resistance- increased blood glucose
increased risk for diabetes, HTN, cardiovascular disease, cancer

119
Q

which antipsychotic medication has a risk of cerebrovascular adverse reactions?

A

IM antipsychotics and long-acting injectable formulations

120
Q

what is the client/family teaching for those taking antipsychotics?

A

do not stop taking abruptly
use sunscreen/wear protecting clothing
report weekly if receiving clozpine therapy for blood levels drawn and get weekly supply
women of child bearing age- need contraception
no alcohol, nicotine, or substances
no other medications including OTC or herbal suppplements
caution driving or operating machinery
need regular follow up with psych and primary provider
get up slowly
use gum/ice
watch body temperature

121
Q

what signs and symptoms need to be reported immediately when taking antipsychotics?

A

tongue-twisting or weird feeling in tongue/jaw
sore throat
fever
malaise
unusual bleeding
easy bruising
persistent N/V
severe headache
rapid HR
fainting
difficulty urinating
excessive urination or thirst or hunger
weakness
pale stools
yellow skin or eyes
muscle incoordination or rash

122
Q

what are the risk factors for suicide with those patients with schizophrenia?

A

highest risk > 45 years old
1st 10 years of illness
male
hx suicide attempt
family history of suicide
comorbid substance misuse
comorbid depression- anhedonia
high education
paranoid
active hallucinations/delusions
presence of insight

123
Q

what are the only consistent protective factor for suicide?

A

delivery of and adherence of effective treatment
identifying those at risk
treating comorbid depression and substance misue
providing best available treatment for psychotic symptoms

124
Q

what are nursing interventions for schizophrenia?

A

ensuring safety of clients and others- structured milieu
decreasing anxiety and establishing trust- therapeutic communication
assisting client to define and test reality

125
Q

how to tell if a patient is hallucinating?

A

listening pose
laughing or talking to self
stopping mid sentence
tracking unheard speaker
watching vacant area of room

126
Q

how to help patients with hallucinations?

A

assess content of hallucinations
don’t reinforce the hallucinations- say “the voices” instead of “they”
don’t negate- “I don’t hear an angry voice, but that must be scary for you”; can interject doubt where appropriate
focus on reality- guided reality testing; “The voice is part of your illness- it cannot hurt you. Try to listen to me and others you can see around you.”
concrete thinking- don’t use abstract phrases of cliches
distract them from the hallucination
if suspicious, use same staff, be honest and keep promises, avoid physical contact
extended focus on delusional material is not helpful- getting to underlying feeling, theme, or need is helpful
persistent auditory hallucinations after cute psychotic episode- distraction- listen to radio/watch TV; voice dismissal

127
Q

how to help clients with association looseness?

A

don’t pretend or allow patient to think you understand-say you don’t; place difficulty understanding on yourself; tell what you do understand
look for recurring topics and themes in communications
summarize or paraphrase communication to role-model clearer communication and give chance to clear up misunderstanding
reduce stimuli, speak clear, concisely, concretely, and in short sentences- not paragraphs

128
Q

what is some client/family education for schizophrenia?

A

ways for family to respond to behaviors associated with illness
connection of exacerbation of symptoms to times of stress
appropriate medication management- side effects of medication; importance of not stopping medications
promoting adaptive family coping
when to contact health-care provider- crisis information
relaxation and distraction technique
social skills training
daily living skills training
support services- financial assistance, legal assistance, caregiver support groups, respite care, home health care

129
Q
A

Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing (13 decks)

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