Childhood and Neurodevelopmental Disroders

Question 1

what are the general principles of child interventions?

Answer 1

behavioral interventions- reward positive
play therapy- best way to express something
family interventions
CBT/group therapy
disruptive behavior management- principal of least restrictive intervention

Question 2

what are some aspects within the disruptive behavior management?

Answer 2

time out
quiet room
therapeutic hold
last resort would be seclusion/restraint

Question 3

what is self-reflection and self-control?

Answer 3

time-out

Question 4

what is unlocked room with less stimulation?

Answer 4

quiet room/sensory room

Question 5

what are the top early signs of autism?

Answer 5

not babbling
no more than one word by 16 months
echolalia
inappropriate in laughing or giggling
difficulty in mixing with other kids
no eye following
no eye contact
spin objects
not wanting to be touched
does not smile when smiled at

Question 6

what is autism spectrum disorder?

Answer 6

deficits in social communication and interaction
before age 3

Question 7

what are the deficits in social communication and interaction with those with autism spectrum disorder?

Answer 7

no back and forth reciprocity
verbal and nonverbal abnormalities- may not understand when people are uncomfortable
relationship deficits

Question 8

what are the stereotypical restricted/repetitive behaviors for those with autism spectrum disorder?

Answer 8

motor movements/speech- echolalia
insistence on sameness- rigid- over adherence to routines or rituals
fixated interests
hyporeactivity or hyperreactivity to sensory input- overstimulated easily

Question 9

which gender has the higher diagnosis for autism spectrum disroder?

Answer 9

males

Question 10

what are the risk factors for autism spectrum disroder?

Answer 10

exact cause unknown
genetic abnormality leading to altered neurologic development
having a sibling with autism spectrum disorder
having older parents
having certain genetic conditions- people with conditions such as Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome, and Rett syndrome are more likely than others to have autism spectrum disorder
very low birth weight

Question 11

what are the assessment for the autism spectrum disorder?

Answer 11

well child visit- assess for developmental delays; if screening is abnormal- refer to neuropsychologist
communication skills
parent-child bonding
abuse- screening

Question 12

what are some nursing diagnosis for autism spectrum disorder?

Answer 12

impaired social interaction
activity intolerance
ineffective impulse control
risk for self-mutilation
impaired verbal communication

Question 13

what are some interventions for autism spectrum disorder?

Answer 13

therapeutic programs
reward systems- shape and modify behavior
structure/consistency in rules at home and school
physical, occupational, and speech therapy- can be done at home, in school, or after school activities

Question 14

what are simple strategies for communication with those with autism spectrum disorder?

Answer 14

use interests
prepare for what’s coming up
use visuals
provide time
speak simply and clearly
can utilize iPads with specific apps to help communicate

Question 15

what is recommend for short term treatment of aggressive behaviors such as temper tantrums/self injurious behaviors?

Answer 15

pharmacological intervention in those with autism spectrum disorder

Question 16

what are the pharmacological interventions for those with autism spectrum disorder?

Answer 16

risperidone (Risperdal)
aripiprazole (Abilify)
SSRIs
stimulantsw

Question 17

what medication should be taken after age 5 and older for autism?

Answer 17

risperidone

Question 18

what medication should be taken after age 6 and older for autism?

Answer 18

aripiprazole

Question 19

what medication are paradoxical/have opposite effect in children?

Answer 19

stimulants

Question 20

what are attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

Answer 20

in appropriate degree of inattention, impulsiveness, and hyperactivity

Question 21

what is the criteria age for ADHD?

Answer 21

before age 12 and last at least 6 months

Question 22

what are the inattention criteria for ADHD?

Answer 22

fails to pay close attention/careless mistakes
difficulty sustaining attention in task
does not listen, even when spoke directly to
no follow through
difficulty organizing tasks- poor time management
lose things- frequently/forgetful
easily distracted by external stimuli

Question 23

what are the hyperactivity and impulsivity criteria for ADHD?

Answer 23

often fidgets- hands, feet, tapping
leaves seat in situations where they are expected to remain sitting
unable to play quietly
often “on the go” or “driven by motor”
talks excessively/interrupts others/blurts out answers
difficult to wait their turn

Question 24

what are the risks factors for ADHD?

Answer 24

genetic link- parent, siblings, concordant twin studies
increased dopamine/norepinephrine, and serotonin
lead
diet/dye- studies refuted too much sugar leads to it
psychosocial- chaotic environment- helps to rule it out

Question 25

what is part of the assessment of ADHD?

Answer 25

gather data from parents, teachers, or other adults
social skills, friendships, problem-solving skills and school performance
data on eating and sleeping
depression/anxiety/learning disorders

Question 26

what are some nursing diagnosis for ADHD?

Answer 26

risk of injury due to impulsivity and not understanding danger
ineffective impulse control
impaired social interaction
situational low self-esteem

Question 27

what are the nursing and psychosocial interventions for ADHD?

Answer 27

CBT
manage disruptive behaviors
unconditional positive regard- reward positive behavior
safety

Question 28

what are the psychopharmacology interventions for ADHD?

Answer 28

stimulants
nonstimulants
antidepressants

Question 29

what are stimulants for ADHD?

Answer 29

amphetamine- lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse)
amphetamine mixtures- dextromamphetamine (Adderall)
methylphenidate (Ritalin)

Question 30

what are nonstimulants for ADHD?

Answer 30

atomoxetine (Strattera)
clonidine (Kapvay)
guanfacine (Intuniv)

Question 31

what are antidepressants for ADHD?

Answer 31

bupropion (wellbutrin)
desipramine (norpramin)
notriptyline (Pamelor)
imipramine (Tofranil)

Question 32

what are the antipsychotics for ADHD?

Answer 32

divalproex (Depakote)

Question 33

what are the evaluation for ADHD?

Answer 33

educate patient/family to monitor patient for side effects:
insomnia
anorexia
upset stomach
prevent tolerance- supervised drug holiday

Question 34

what is oppositional defiant disorder?

Answer 34

angry and irritable mood
defiant- argumentative
vindictive behavior- spiteful
social issues/conflicts with authority figures/academic issues
passive aggressive behavior
see others as making unreasonable demands
does recognize others have rights and there are rules
all of above to point where impairs life, makes difficult to attend school, have friends, function in a family