Substance Abuse and Impulse Control - Chapter 12 Content Flashcards
What do psychoactive substances alter?
mood and behaviour
What can happen after taking a lot of psychoactive substances?
This can cause substance intoxication which is a physiological reaction such as impaired judgement and motor abilities, known as getting drunk or high.
Why can’t substance use disorder be based on how much is ingested?
This cannot be used as a method to determine if someone has the disorder or not because everyone reacts to the same amount of drugs differently. This disorder is based on how the level of substance alters their life.
What are some common symptoms of substance use disorder?
Physiological dependence, meaning the use of more amounts of the drug will need to be ingested to have the same effect (tolerance) and withdrawals will happen when the substance is not in their system.
What are the 5 kinds of substances?
- depressants
- stimulants
- opioids
- hallucinones
- other drugs
Define depressants
This result in behavioural sedation and can induce relaxation. these include alcohol, sedatives, hypnotic drugs, and benzodiazepines
Define stimulants
Cause us to be more active and alert and can elevate mood. This includes amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, and caffeine
Define opioids.
The major effect of these drugs is to produce analgesia temporarily (reduce pain) and euphoria. These include heroin, opium, codeine, morphine and oxycodone.
Define hallucinogens
These substances alter sensory perception and can produce delusions, paranoia, and hallucinations. This includes cannabis and LSD
Define what drugs are included in the other drugs category.
Inhalants, anabolic steroids, over the counter
and prescription medications.
Alcohol-related disorder
Cognitive, biological, behavioural and social problems associated with alcohol use and abuse. Must occur within 12 months and have symptoms like a huge tolerance, withdrawal, taken in overly large amounts, craving, etc.
What neuroreceptor system is very sensitive to alcohol?
The GABA system is an inhibitory neurotransmitter and is connected to anxiety. This is people can seem more social when they are drinking as it slows down the neural connections.
Glutamate (loss of memory), serotonin (sleep, moodm eating), dopamine reward (pleasurable feelings)
What neuroreceptor system is very sensitive to alcohol?
The GABA system is an inhibitory neurotransmitter and is connected to anxiety. This is people can seem more social when they are drinking as it slows down the neural connections.
Glutamate (loss of memory), serotonin (sleep, mood eating), dopamine reward (pleasurable feelings)
What are some of the long-term effects of heavy drinking?
Hand tremors, nausea, anxiety, hallucinations, insomnia, withdrawal delirium (frightening hallucinations and body tremors), Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (severe B1 deficiencies), dementia
What are some of the stumlant-related disorders?
Amphetamine use disorder: symptoms suchs as euphoira, affective blunting, changes in sociability, interpersonal sensitivity, tension, anger, impaired judgement, etc.
How do amphetamines work in your body?
They stimulate your CNS by enhancing norepinephrine and dopamine. They also block the reuptake of neurotransmitters, which makes them more available. If there are too much of these neurotransmitters, it can cause delusions and hallucinations.
Causes of abusive substance disorders.
genetics, ability to produce sufficient alcohol dehydrogenase (an enzyme that breaks down a by-product of alcohol), social factors (peer pressure), pleasurable experiences from these drugs, positive reinforcement, reducing negative feelings, expectancy effect (how you expect yourself to feel), drug-addicted parents
Treatments for substance abuse disorders.
- Motivational enhancement therapy (help with motivation to change their habits)
- harm reduction (minimise the harm associated with substance use as the goal)
- alcohol anonymous
- relapse prevention
- controlled usage
- individual or group therapy (AA)
- education about addiction
Gambling disorder
Cannot resist the urge to gamble, resulting in negative personal consequences, and is not better explained by a manic episode
Intermittent explosive disorder.
Episodes during which a person acts in aggressive impulses that result in serious assaults or destruction of property
Kleptomania
Recurrent failure to resist urges to steal things not needed for personal use or their value
Pyromania
Impulse-control disorder involves having an irresistible urge to set fires.
What are the 4 diagnostic categories for substance abuse disorders?
- Intoxication: reversible and substance-specific, symptoms for each substance
- Withdrawl: problematic behaviours changes with physiological and cognitive aspects related to the reduction of prolonged substance use
- Substance-induced mental disorders: developed soon after intoxication, withdrawal or exposure to the substance
- Substance use disorder: impaired control, social impairment, risky use, pharmacological criteria
What are some causal factors for alcohol use disorders?
- genetics and environment influence development of sensitivity to addictive power of drugs
- learning factors appear to play an important role in development of substance abuse
- cultural attitude towards drinking
What are some examples of concurrent disorders?
Concurrent means that substance abuse disorder and a mental health disorder are happening at the same time (examples are PTSD with alcohol, alcohol and social anxiety)
What are the 3 main biological treatments?
Agonist substitution: safe drug with similar chemical composition
Antagonistic Substitution: drugs that block or counteract the positive effect of substances
Aversive: drugs that make the injection of abused substances extremely unleasant
What are some risk factors for gambling use disorder?
- belief about the odds of winning
- family history of abuse with substance or gambling
- mental health concerns
- few leisure or coping activities
- tends to gamble or use substances to cope
- impulsivity
- financial issues
What are the treatments for gambling use disorder?
- making the person motivated to change
- gamblers anonymous
- blocking software, signing up for seld-exclusion at casinos
- financial counselling
- CBT
