Mood Disorders - Chapter 8 Content Flashcards
Define mood disorder.
A group of disorders involving severe and enduring disturbances ranging from joy to reverse depression.
Define major depressive disorder.
It is the most common and severe experience of depression, with feelings of worthlessness, and abnormal activity with slee, loss on interest and inability to experience pleasure, and persisting for a least 2 weeks.
Criteria for major depressive disorder.
A. five or more symptoms in the same 2-week period, at least one has to be either depressed mood or loss of interest/pleasure
B. clinically significant
C. not due to another substance or medical condition
D. not better explained by schizophrenia
E. there is not manic/hypomanic episodes
Define the state of mania.
A period of abnormal excessive joy or euphoria, associated with some mood disorders. Increased goal directed activity, energy, fast talker, flight of ideas, inflated self-esteem
What is the differnce between a manic and hypmanic episode?
Manic is the most intense feeling of abnormal happiness (1 week and hospitalized), where hypomania is less severe and disruptive version of a manic episode but it is also criteria for several mood disorders (4days and not hospitaliz)
Define unipolar disorder.
This is where individuals experince only depressive or manic episode, not both, only one
What is the feeling of mixed features?
This is the condition in which the individuals experience both joy and depressions or anxiety at the same time, also can be called dysphoric manic disorder
What is persistent depressive disorder or known as dysthymia?
It is a mood disorder involving persistent depressed mood, low self-esteem, withdrawal, and despair, and is present for at least 2 years, with no absence of symptoms for more than 2 months. this also involves not manic episodes.
What is it called when people suffer from both major depressive disorder and dysthymia?
Said to be called double depression.
What are some possible symptoms that people in a major depressive or manic episode may experience?
Psychotic features such as hallucinations, delusions, somatic delusions such as thinking they are rotting internally, auditory hallucinations. Also there is peripartum onset specific is just after giving birth, and they have difficulty understanding why they are depressed.
Define seasonal affective disorder or SAD.
This is a mood disorder involving a cycling of episodes corresponding to the season usually is depression in the winter.
What is the type of grief that most of us experience?
Intergrated grief that evolves from acute grief into a condition in which the person accepts the death and adjusted with the loss.
What is complicated grief?
it is grief that is characterised by feelings of loss and emotions that are so painful that a person has troubling resuming their life.
What is permenstrual dysphoric disorder?
This is a disorder of mood symptoms that include physical, mood swings, and anxiety that happens during most menstrual cycles, They start in the final week before onset and improve within a few days after menstruation is complete.
What is disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?
A condition in which a child has chronic negative moods such as anger and irritability without any mania.
What is the difference between bipolar l and ll disorder?
Bipolar ll - alternations of major depressive episodes with hypomanic episodes
Bipolar l - alternation of major depressive episodes with full manic episodes
Define cyclothymic disorder.
it is a milder but more chronic version of bipolar disorder which is characterized by mood elevation and depression levels that are not as serve as manic/major depression disorder, at least for 2 years
What is the main specifier for bipolar disorders?
A main specifier to both these is rapid-cycling, which is moving quickly out of depressive and manic episodes.
Ultra-rapid: only lasting for days to weeks
ultra-ultra-rapid cycling: lasting less than 24 hours
What are some causes of mood disorders?
Genetics: twins are more likely to both show a disorder is one of the 2 has it. Women are more likely than men for depressions
Heritability: the more symptoms one has, the higher the chances of their children developing the disorder
neurotransmitters: low levels of seritonin can contribute to inregular ranges of other hormones, and contribute to mood irregularities
Sleep: can experience more REM and rapid eye movement
Psychological : stressful life events, learned helplessness, negative triad (self, worlds, future)
What are the 3 types of antidepressants used to treat depressive disorder?
Tricyclic antidepressants (block reuptake of norepinephrine), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (consequences are if you eat cheese, beer or wine it can lead to reverse hypertension episodes and maybe death, used if tricyclic is not effective), and SSRIs (blocks reuptake of serotonin, can cause physical agitation, low sexual desire and insomnia)
What is electroconvulsive therapy?
it is a treatment for severe depressive disorders involving the application of electrical impulses through the brain to produce seizures.
How it cognitive therapy used?
It is an approach that involves identifying and altering negative thinking styles related to the specific disorder, and replacing them with more positive beliefs, attitudes and coping styles.
What is interpersonal psychotherapy?
Therapy that focuses on resolving problems in relationships.
What are all the disorders involving depressive episodes?
Dysthymia, major depresive disorder (single or recurrent episode), double depression, bipolar
What are some biological factors to cause depressive disorders?
Gene, neurobiology (serotonin, cortisol, sleep disturbances, cerebral hemisphere activation), hippocampus is shown to be smaller in size
How does stressful life event trigger depressive disorders?
Can interact with biological predispositions, stress may be subjective (not being good enough) or objective (big loss in life)
What are some social factors that can causes depressive disorders?
Disruptions in evolutionary domains such as social rank (gender imbalances) and attachment
What are some psychological causes for depressive disorders?
Learned helplessness theory (the behaviour shown after a repeated stimulus beyond their control), attributional style = internal (blaming self), stable (gonna continue), global (all domains)
personality traits like self criticism with patterns, vulnerability, mechanisms, outcomes
Language for suicicde.
Non suicidal self injury, ideation, planning, attempts, completion
What are risks for suicide?
Past attempts, family history, neurobiology, psychological disorders, stressful life events, shame and humiliation, hopelessness
Ways to intervene for someone thinking of suicide.
Continue psychotherapy, safety planning, no suicide contract (have agreement with therapist to talk to them when any suicidal thoughts arise), reduce access to means, enhance support, hospitalization
What are te 2 main medications for bipolar disorders?
Lithium (salt that is effective in regulating mood) and Valproate (helps with stabilizing rapid cycling), antipsychotics meds can also be used
How is CBT used to treat depressive disorders?
Focusing more on thoughts and behaviour.
Behavioural activation - finding things to mastery and reintroducing old hobby/activity
Cognitive Restructuring - identifying and challenging negative thoughts
