Neurodevelopmental Disorders - Chapter 15 Content Flashcards
Define neurodevelopmental disorder.
A neurologically-based disorder that is revealed in a clinically significant way during a child’s developing years.
Define ADHD
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is where there are maladaptive levels of inattention, excessive activity and impulsiveness. Can be predominantly inattention or hyperactive/impulsive. the symptoms have to be present in several situations in order to be accurately diagnosed.
What are the criteria from the DSM for ADHD?
A. Pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity
B. prior before the age of 12
C. present in 2 or more setting
D. clearly shown to interfere with or reduce quality of things like academics
E. Do not occur during course of schizophrenia or another psychotic disorder, or better explained by another disorder
What are some symptoms of inattention?
- fail to pay close attention to details
- difficulty sustaining attention in tasks
- does not seem to listen when spoken to directly
- difficulty organizing tasks and activities
- avoids engaging in tasks that require sustained mental effort
- loses necessary items for tasks
- easily distracted by extraneous stimuli
- forgetful in the daily activity
What are some symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity?
- fidgets with hands or feet
- often leaves the seat when expected to stay seated
- runs in situations where it is inappropriate
- unable to play in leisure activities quietly
- talks excessively
- difficulty waiting their turn
- interrupts other
What is the copy number variant that may cause ADHD?
It is base pairs that are added or deleted as a result from mutation, may play role in developing ADHD and other disorders.
What are some causes of ADHD?
Prenatal smoking, genetic predisposition, allergens and food additives, sleep disruption, psych and social dimensions
What is the current treatment for ADHD?
Biological: reduce impulsivity, improve attentional skills
Psychological: improving academic performance, decreasing disruptive behaviuor, improve social skills
Meds: Adderall, antidepressants
What are some negative of meds for ADHD?
- they are at increased risk for substance abuse and these drugs can be abused for that purpose
- can be overprescribed and long term effects are not yet fully understood
Define specific learning disorders.
Academic performance is substantially below average, deficit mainly based on academics. Dyslexia is the difficulty with reading as it is hard to decode words.
What are the DSM criteria for a learning disorder?
A. difficult learning and using academic skills for at least 6 months
B. skills are well under the average
C. begun during school but may not fully manifest until demands for academic skills exceed individuals capacities
D. Not better accounted for by other intellectual disabilities
What are some causes for a specific learning disorders?
Genetics, subtle brain damage
What are the treatments for specific learning disorders?
Assessment must be done first with intelligence (academic potential) and achievement (math, writing) tests. Educational intervention with exercises and such.
Define ASD.
Autism spectrum disorder is impairment in social interaction, communication and restricted patterns of behaviour, interest and activity.
What are the DSM criteria for ASD?
A. impairment in social communication and interaction (deficits in social-emotional reciprocity)
B. restricted, patterns of behaviour, interest, or activity (excessive routines, ritualized patterns of behaviour, no change)
C. impairments are present in early childhood and limit daily functioning
Can people with ASD do joint attention?
No, they are unable to have shared attention with another person towards an object after someone has indicated interest in that object
Define prosody.
Vocal characteristics such as tone and stress that people with ASD are unable to recognise and interpret.
What are some causes of ASD?
- different medical conditions
- passing down genes within a family
- mutations in sperm or ovum
- the amygdala (larger in size, fear centre)
- lack of awareness of their own existence
Treatment for ASD.
Behavioural approaches (teaching how to speak well as children with ASD cannot imitate language), shaping/discrimination training (reinforcing the proper behaviour), SSRI’s
Define intellectual disability, ID.
Subaverage intellectual functioning paired with deficits in adaptive functioning such as self-care r occupational activities
-Conceptual deficit in memory, language)
-Social (deficits in social judgement)
-Practical (problems managing personal care or job)
*most common is down syndrome
DSM criteria for ID.
A. deficits in intellectual functioning
B. deficits in adaptive learning
C. onset during the developmental period
Causes for ID.
- environmental (abuse, neglect)
- prenatal (exposure to disease or drug =TORCH, Fetal alcohol syndrome)
- perinatal (difficulties during labour)
- postnatal (infections, head injury)
- fragile X syndrome (defect on X chromo)
Treatment for ID.
Most treatment is attempting to teach them skills to become more productive and independent
Explain the 3 approaches used for child psychology.
- Seeing if adult disorders fit the child, might need a bit of readjusting
- child-specific approaches: might/might not transfer in adults
- disorders that start during the developmental period, and continue into adulthood
Describe the developmental approach for children.
The understanding of that skills needs to be mastered before acquiring the next, occurring in stages of development. (Freud, Piaget)
What are the 2 main causes for disorders from early years?
Pre-natal and experiences in early childhood.
How does neuroplasticity play a role in the developing of mental disorders in children?
Pruning: where excess or limited neuron connections are eliminated to create more efficient connections
Also describes how the brain is constantly changing through childhood, this can help to create or get rid of a disorder depending on the changes that occur.
What is the main difference between ID and SPD?
ID is more based on the adaptive function where as SFD is focusing on academic domains such as reading and math.
What is the Double Whammy with SLD?
This is explaining that there can sometimes be dual exceptionalism, where they have one from a disability point and one from a giftedness point.
What is the DSM criteria for social communication disorder?
A. persistent difficulties in the social use of verbal and nonverbal communication
B. deficits result in functional limitations
C. onset is early development
D. not caused by another mental or health disorder
Define developmental coordination disorder.
Acquisition and execution of coordinated motor skills are below expected. Clumsy, slowness/inaccuracy to perform motor skills
Define stereotypic movement disorder.
Non functional motor behaviour that interfere with normal activity or can result in bodily injury
Define Tic and Tourette syndrome
Sudden, rapid, recurrent, non-rhythmic motor movement or vocalizations. Tourettes are both motor and vocal.
