Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharmacology > Substance Abuse > Flashcards

Substance Abuse Flashcards

1
Q

How is addiction formed?

A

Reward pathway in brain.
Some drugs release dopamine which act on prefrontal cortex to produce pleasure and others increase rate of cell fire to release more dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name 4 substances of abuse that are stimulants

A

• Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
• amphetamines eg adderall, speed, cocaine, diet mixtures
• methamphetamine eg tic, cat, crystal meth, khat
• caffeine
Empathogens: MDMA (ecstasy), NMDA
Increase dopamine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name 3 substances of abuse that are CNS depressants

A

• Opiates (nyaope)
• benzodiazepines (sedative hypnotic)
• barbiturates eg methaqualone mandrax
Alcohol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name 3 substances of abuse that are CNS hallucinogenic

A
  • Deliriant’s eg diphenhydramine. Atropine (belladonna alkaloids)
  • dissociative (nmda) eg ketamine , ibugaine (sigma r), GHB, PCP (phencyclidine)
  • Psychedelic. (5HT2A) eg LSD ergot fungus on rye, psilocybin (magic mushrooms), NMDA (ecstacy)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name 5 substances of abuse that have mixed effects

A
  • Alcohol (Initially excitatory, higher depressants)
  • nicotine
  • cannabis
  • designer / club drugs
  • nitrates (“poppers”)
  • Bath salts with synthetic cathinones (same as meth khat ): mdpv methylenedioxypyrovalerone and flaka alpha pyrrolidinopentiophenone - not criminalised.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Medical use of methamphetamine?

A

Second line treatment ADHD and obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name 4 strong agonists of opioid ligands - substances of abuse

A
  • Fentanyl
  • heroin
  • methadone -used as replacement for heroin addiction but no high
  • Morphine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are synthetic opioids metabolised to, and how?

A

Morphine by CYP2D6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name 2 low agonists of opioid ligands

A
  • Codeine

* propoxyphene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Name 2 partial agonists of opioid ligands

A
  • Suboxone, subutex: for replacement opioid addiction maintenance treatment
  • buprenophine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name 2 cures of opioid overdose

A

• Naloxone
• naltrexone
Opioid ligand antagonist

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is most commonly used for opioid addiction treatment?

A

Subutex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name 3 treatment options for nicotine addiction

A

• Bupropion: increase dopamine (antidepressant to replace euphoric feeling addiction )
. Nicotine agonists: gum, stickers, ecigarettes
• varencicline: partial agonist. Prevent high from smoking

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name 6 symptoms and complications cannibinoids

A
  • Tachycardia
  • decreased intraocular pressure
  • Red conjunctiva
  • decreased pupil reaction to light, pupil dilation
  • decreased reaction stimuli
  • long term: lung carcinoma, memory changes, schizophrenia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Ethanol effects on body? ( 6)

A

depressant.
• Range from increased self confidence and motor incoordination to unconscious and coma.
• CVS: tachycardia and vasodilation
• pupils: dilation, decreased reaction, tunnel vision, red conjunctivae
• kidney: suppress ADH, diuresis
• endocrine: hypoglycaemia, increase A and Na
• sex: desire but decrease performance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Name 8 adverse effects Ethanol

A
  • Wernicke encephalopathy: confusion, ataxia, ophthalmoplegia due to thiamine deficiency
  • respiratory depression
  • neurodgeneration due to vitamin deficiency
  • dementia
  • liver damage
  • Pancreatitis
  • psychiatric: depression or psychosis
  • ataxia
  • nystagmus
17
Q

Ethanol moa?

A
  • Depressant
  • inhibit CNS calcium entry reducing transmitter release
  • potentiate inhibitory GABA transmission.
18
Q

Supportive treatment for Ethanol dependency?

A

Disulfiram - aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor

19
Q

What is “atom bomb” drug?

A

Marijuana and opiates

20
Q

What is “sugar grass” drug?

A

Marijuana and PCP

21
Q

What is “white pipe” drug?

A

Marijuana and methaqualone (mandrax)

22
Q

What is “slow boat” drug?

A

Marijuana and cigarettes

23
Q

Cocaine moa?

A

A strong stimulant
• inhibit reuptake catecholamines (noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin) into noradrenergic neurones
• enhance sympathetic activity

24
Q

Clinical use cocaine?

A

Numbing agent, vasoconstrictor dentistry

25
Q

Clinical symptoms cocaine? (3)

A

• CVS: arrhythmia, ht, stroke, tachycardia.
. CNS: euphoria, arousal, alert, paranoid psychosis toxic doses
• pupils: dilate
• serotonin syndrome

26
Q

Treatment cocaine induced arrythmia?

A

Benzo

Not beta blocker, can cause ht crisis

27
Q

Amphetamine toxicity? (5)

A
  • CVS: ht, mi, remodelling heart, DIC
  • respiratory: pulmonary ht, pe
  • CNS: euphoria and excitement,stereotyped behaviour and paranoid psychosis, CNS haemorrhages
  • kidney: rhabdomyolysis, excessive thirst especially ecstasy
  • hyperthermia
28
Q

Crystal meth/tik clinical presentation? (5)

A
  • Pupil dilation
  • Aggression, power, confidence
  • anorexia and insomnia, anxiety
  • rapid speech, psychosis
  • headache
29
Q

Ecstasy MDMA symptoms and effects? (5)

A
  • Euphoric empathy, increased sensory perception, hyperactive
  • tachycardia, ht
  • acute hyperthermia: skeletal muscle damage and renal failure
  • dry mouth
  • inappropriate secretion ADH leading to overhydration and hyponatraemia
  • pupil dilation
30
Q

Opiates vs opioids

A

Opiates: natural opioids eg heroin, morphine, codeine

• opioids: all natural, semisynthetic (oxycodone), synthetic (tramadol, fentanyl, heroin)

31
Q

Clinical effects opioids such as heroin? (6)

A
  • Well-being
  • initial excitement followed by sedation and coma on overdose
  • respiratory decline, bronchospasm
  • vomiting
  • pupil constriction
  • “mad cow” like disease rare- bovine spongiform encephalopathy
32
Q

Withdrawal symptoms heroin? (3)

A

• Irritable and aggressive
• autonomic:
- fever, sweat, pupil dilatation, piloerection
- yawn
• goose flesh, rhinorrhea, lacrimation, abdominal and muscle pain

33
Q

Name 2 drugs used in sexual assault

A
  • GHB (gamma hydroxybutyric acid)

* rohypnol “rosshies”: flunitrazepam

34
Q

LSD moa?

A
  • Psychodelic
  • act on 5-ht2 inhibitory autoreceptors on serotonergic neurones to reduce their firing.
  • also dopamine, histamine.
35
Q

Which 2 hallucinogens bind to 5ht2a receptors?

A

LSD and MDMA.

36
Q

Describe the 4 step approach of subutex maintenance treatment for opioid addiction.

A
  • Induction
  • stabilisation
  • maintenance
  • withdrawal
37
Q

Which 2 dissociative act on NMDA receptors?

A
  • Ketamine

* Ibugaine

Pharmacology (34 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions