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Drugs and Behavior > Stuff to know for exam 2 > Flashcards

Stuff to know for exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

True or False: when drugs are orally taken, you can take a larger dose of that drug versus when the drug In injected

A

true

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2
Q

When a drug get into the body it has to pass through many__________

A

membranes

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3
Q

How much drug to give and how often is pharmodynamics or pharmokinetics

A

pharmokinetics

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4
Q

True of False: anything can be toxic in the right amount

A

true

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5
Q

which organ is the biggest metabolizer?

A

liver

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6
Q

which organ is the biggest eliminator?

A

kidney

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7
Q

what is the safest way to get a drug into the body? why?

A

oral because no risk of infection

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8
Q

True or False: It doesn’t matter whether the drug is injected into an artery or a vein

A

false: injecting a drug intraartially by accident can be toxic

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9
Q

how can you increase surface area?

A

by folding

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10
Q

this is weblike and it separates the dura mater from the pia mater

A

arachnoid membrane

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11
Q

What is the difference between sensory and motor?

A

sensory: stimulus –> brain
motor: brain–> action

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12
Q

The thalamus is the major sensory relay, however one sense does not have to pass through the thalamus. What is it?

A

Olfaction (smell)

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13
Q

What is the main thing the limbic system is responsible for?

A

Fear emotion

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14
Q

_______ is why we have consciousness

A

Cortex

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15
Q

what does the medulla oblongata do?

A

is responsible for breathing, digestion (things we don’t think about) (vegetative )

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16
Q

which part of the brain can read the blood supply?

A

hypothalamus

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17
Q

what forms the stalk?

A

the axon

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18
Q

For humans, when we are thirsty, we are conscious of the fact that we need to find water. However, elephants do not have consciousness. Which part of their brain notifies them that they are thirsty and need water?

A

hypothalamus

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19
Q

what does the Locus coeruleus do?

A

detect changes in the environment

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20
Q

Is activity in your gut parasympathetic or sympathetic?

A

parasympathetic

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21
Q

true or false: neurons and glial cells are the same in every species

A

false: neurons are however glial cells are not the same across species.

22
Q

communication between cells is ___________ while communication within cells is ________________

A

chemical

electrical

23
Q

the trunk of the axon is called what?

A

axon hillock

24
Q

What is the same between a Schwann Cell and an Oligodendroglia? Difference?

A 
Schwann: PNS
One per roll
no branches
like paper towel rolls (wraps around)
Oligodendroglia: CNS
has branching cells (one cell does the work of many)
both myelination
25
Q

What are the four reasons for cell membranes?

A

selective barrier
catalyzing reactions
establishment of potential difference
conduction

26
Q

When establishing a potential difference?

A

Sodium ions

27
Q

where in the nerve cell are sodium channels located?

A

Axon Hilock and Nodes of Ranvier

28
Q

What forms the myelin sheath?

A

glial cells

29
Q

Why is the fast speed of action potential and excitability of neurons important?

A

this is how you breath, walk, everything.

30
Q

What does myelin do?

A

decreases resistivity for Na+ ions

31
Q

where is the threshold?

A

between -70 and 0

32
Q

_________ gets squirted into the diaphragm which causes it to contract and relax (aka breathing)

A

acetylcholine

33
Q

how does general anesthesia work?

A

this drug blocks sodium channels

34
Q

neurotransmitter action is terminated by 3 factors …what are they?

A
  1. ) Diffusion
  2. ) enzymatic degradation
    - MAO (intra)
    - COMT- (extra.. ie: blood)
  3. ) reuptake
35
Q

What is a ligand?

A

any drug that binds to a receptor

36
Q

what are the three categories of Ligands?

A

neurotransmitters
neurohormones
neuromodulators

37
Q

neurostransmitters are released at the ________ by __________ neurons

A

synapse, presynaptic

38
Q

Neurohormones are released _____________

A

into the blood

39
Q

what are the two receptor types? what do they do?

A

ionotropic –> open ion channels

metabotropic–> initiate a metabolic sequence

40
Q

Are ionotropic or metabotropic receptors faster?

Which one has a longer effect?

A

ionotropic

metabotropic

41
Q

if you black _____ channels, neurotransmitter speed will decrease

A

calcium

42
Q

what is SSRI?

A

selective serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor

43
Q

What are the 8 things that make a neurotransmitter a neurotransmitter?

A
  1. ) must be found in pre-synaptic neurons
  2. ) enzymes required for synthesis must be found in pre-synaptic neurons
  3. ) A mechanism for terminating its activity must be present
  4. ) Stimulation of a presynaptic neuron and application of the ligand to the postsynaptic neuron should yield identical
  5. ) Following the stimulation of the presynaptic neuron, the ligand should be present in the cleft effects
  6. ) Drugs that interfere with presynaptic synthesis of the ligand should block the effects of presynaptic neuronal stimulation
  7. ) Drugs that interfere with the post-synaptic reaction should block the effects of presynaptic neuronal stimulation
  8. ) Drugs that block the inactivation enzyme should prolong the neurotransmitter’s actions
44
Q

Know everything about ionotrophic and metabotropihic

A
45
Q

in the brain, what is a nucleus?

A

collection of cell bodies

46
Q

What does trauma to the medulla oblongata result in?

A

death

47
Q

know basal ganglia

A
48
Q

Acetylcholine is important for what?

A

memory (know this!)

49
Q

true or false: blood is toxic for neurons?

A

true

50
Q

where is the fastest dying tissue located?

A

brain

Drugs and Behavior (10 decks)

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