Stuff to know for exam 2

Question 1

True or False: when drugs are orally taken, you can take a larger dose of that drug versus when the drug In injected

Answer 1

true

Question 2

When a drug get into the body it has to pass through many__________

Answer 2

membranes

Question 3

How much drug to give and how often is pharmodynamics or pharmokinetics

Answer 3

pharmokinetics

Question 4

True of False: anything can be toxic in the right amount

Answer 4

true

Question 5

which organ is the biggest metabolizer?

Answer 5

liver

Question 6

which organ is the biggest eliminator?

Answer 6

kidney

Question 7

what is the safest way to get a drug into the body? why?

Answer 7

oral because no risk of infection

Question 8

True or False: It doesn’t matter whether the drug is injected into an artery or a vein

Answer 8

false: injecting a drug intraartially by accident can be toxic

Question 9

how can you increase surface area?

Answer 9

by folding

Question 10

this is weblike and it separates the dura mater from the pia mater

Answer 10

arachnoid membrane

Question 11

What is the difference between sensory and motor?

Answer 11

sensory: stimulus –> brain
motor: brain–> action

Question 12

The thalamus is the major sensory relay, however one sense does not have to pass through the thalamus. What is it?

Answer 12

Olfaction (smell)

Question 13

What is the main thing the limbic system is responsible for?

Answer 13

Fear emotion

Question 14

_______ is why we have consciousness

Answer 14

Cortex

Question 15

what does the medulla oblongata do?

Answer 15

is responsible for breathing, digestion (things we don’t think about) (vegetative )

Question 16

which part of the brain can read the blood supply?

Answer 16

hypothalamus

Question 17

what forms the stalk?

Answer 17

the axon

Question 18

For humans, when we are thirsty, we are conscious of the fact that we need to find water. However, elephants do not have consciousness. Which part of their brain notifies them that they are thirsty and need water?

Answer 18

hypothalamus

Question 19

what does the Locus coeruleus do?

Answer 19

detect changes in the environment

Question 20

Is activity in your gut parasympathetic or sympathetic?

Answer 20

parasympathetic

Question 21

true or false: neurons and glial cells are the same in every species

Answer 21

false: neurons are however glial cells are not the same across species.

Question 22

communication between cells is ___________ while communication within cells is ________________

Answer 22

chemical

electrical

Question 23

the trunk of the axon is called what?

Answer 23

axon hillock

Question 24

What is the same between a Schwann Cell and an Oligodendroglia? Difference?

Answer 24

Schwann: PNS
One per roll
no branches
like paper towel rolls (wraps around)
Oligodendroglia: CNS
has branching cells (one cell does the work of many)
both myelination

Question 25

What are the four reasons for cell membranes?

Answer 25

selective barrier catalyzing reactions establishment of potential difference conduction

Question 26

When establishing a potential difference?

Answer 26

Sodium ions

Question 27

where in the nerve cell are sodium channels located?

Answer 27

Axon Hilock and Nodes of Ranvier

Question 28

What forms the myelin sheath?

Answer 28

glial cells

Question 29

Why is the fast speed of action potential and excitability of neurons important?

Answer 29

this is how you breath, walk, everything.

Question 30

What does myelin do?

Answer 30

decreases resistivity for Na+ ions

Question 31

where is the threshold?

Answer 31

between -70 and 0

Question 32

_________ gets squirted into the diaphragm which causes it to contract and relax (aka breathing)

Answer 32

acetylcholine

Question 33

how does general anesthesia work?

Answer 33

this drug blocks sodium channels

Question 34

neurotransmitter action is terminated by 3 factors ...what are they?

Answer 34

1. ) Diffusion 2. ) enzymatic degradation - MAO (intra) - COMT- (extra.. ie: blood) 3. ) reuptake

Question 35

What is a ligand?

Answer 35

any drug that binds to a receptor

Question 36

what are the three categories of Ligands?

Answer 36

neurotransmitters neurohormones neuromodulators

Question 37

neurostransmitters are released at the ________ by __________ neurons

Answer 37

synapse, presynaptic

Question 38

Neurohormones are released _____________

Answer 38

into the blood

Question 39

what are the two receptor types? what do they do?

Answer 39

ionotropic --> open ion channels | metabotropic--> initiate a metabolic sequence

Question 40

Are ionotropic or metabotropic receptors faster? | Which one has a longer effect?

Answer 40

ionotropic | metabotropic

Question 41

if you black _____ channels, neurotransmitter speed will decrease

Answer 41

calcium

Question 42

what is SSRI?

Answer 42

selective serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor

Question 43

What are the 8 things that make a neurotransmitter a neurotransmitter?

Answer 43

1. ) must be found in pre-synaptic neurons 2. ) enzymes required for synthesis must be found in pre-synaptic neurons 3. ) A mechanism for terminating its activity must be present 4. ) Stimulation of a presynaptic neuron and application of the ligand to the postsynaptic neuron should yield identical 5. ) Following the stimulation of the presynaptic neuron, the ligand should be present in the cleft effects 6. ) Drugs that interfere with presynaptic synthesis of the ligand should block the effects of presynaptic neuronal stimulation 7. ) Drugs that interfere with the post-synaptic reaction should block the effects of presynaptic neuronal stimulation 8. ) Drugs that block the inactivation enzyme should prolong the neurotransmitter’s actions

Question 44

Know everything about ionotrophic and metabotropihic

Answer 44

-----

Question 45

in the brain, what is a nucleus?

Answer 45

collection of cell bodies

Question 46

What does trauma to the medulla oblongata result in?

Answer 46

death

Question 47

know basal ganglia

Answer 47

------

Question 48

Acetylcholine is important for what?

Answer 48

memory (know this!)

Question 49

true or false: blood is toxic for neurons?

Answer 49

true

Question 50

where is the fastest dying tissue located?

Answer 50

brain