Stuff to know for exam 2 Flashcards
True or False: when drugs are orally taken, you can take a larger dose of that drug versus when the drug In injected
true
When a drug get into the body it has to pass through many__________
membranes
How much drug to give and how often is pharmodynamics or pharmokinetics
pharmokinetics
True of False: anything can be toxic in the right amount
true
which organ is the biggest metabolizer?
liver
which organ is the biggest eliminator?
kidney
what is the safest way to get a drug into the body? why?
oral because no risk of infection
True or False: It doesn’t matter whether the drug is injected into an artery or a vein
false: injecting a drug intraartially by accident can be toxic
how can you increase surface area?
by folding
this is weblike and it separates the dura mater from the pia mater
arachnoid membrane
What is the difference between sensory and motor?
sensory: stimulus –> brain
motor: brain–> action
The thalamus is the major sensory relay, however one sense does not have to pass through the thalamus. What is it?
Olfaction (smell)
What is the main thing the limbic system is responsible for?
Fear emotion
_______ is why we have consciousness
Cortex
what does the medulla oblongata do?
is responsible for breathing, digestion (things we don’t think about) (vegetative )
which part of the brain can read the blood supply?
hypothalamus
what forms the stalk?
the axon
For humans, when we are thirsty, we are conscious of the fact that we need to find water. However, elephants do not have consciousness. Which part of their brain notifies them that they are thirsty and need water?
hypothalamus
what does the Locus coeruleus do?
detect changes in the environment
Is activity in your gut parasympathetic or sympathetic?
parasympathetic
true or false: neurons and glial cells are the same in every species
false: neurons are however glial cells are not the same across species.
communication between cells is ___________ while communication within cells is ________________
chemical
electrical
the trunk of the axon is called what?
axon hillock
What is the same between a Schwann Cell and an Oligodendroglia? Difference?
Schwann: PNS One per roll no branches like paper towel rolls (wraps around) Oligodendroglia: CNS has branching cells (one cell does the work of many) both myelination
What are the four reasons for cell membranes?
selective barrier
catalyzing reactions
establishment of potential difference
conduction
When establishing a potential difference?
Sodium ions
where in the nerve cell are sodium channels located?
Axon Hilock and Nodes of Ranvier
What forms the myelin sheath?
glial cells
Why is the fast speed of action potential and excitability of neurons important?
this is how you breath, walk, everything.
What does myelin do?
decreases resistivity for Na+ ions
where is the threshold?
between -70 and 0
_________ gets squirted into the diaphragm which causes it to contract and relax (aka breathing)
acetylcholine
how does general anesthesia work?
this drug blocks sodium channels
neurotransmitter action is terminated by 3 factors …what are they?
- ) Diffusion
- ) enzymatic degradation
- MAO (intra)
- COMT- (extra.. ie: blood) - ) reuptake
What is a ligand?
any drug that binds to a receptor
what are the three categories of Ligands?
neurotransmitters
neurohormones
neuromodulators
neurostransmitters are released at the ________ by __________ neurons
synapse, presynaptic
Neurohormones are released _____________
into the blood
what are the two receptor types? what do they do?
ionotropic –> open ion channels
metabotropic–> initiate a metabolic sequence
Are ionotropic or metabotropic receptors faster?
Which one has a longer effect?
ionotropic
metabotropic
if you black _____ channels, neurotransmitter speed will decrease
calcium
what is SSRI?
selective serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor
What are the 8 things that make a neurotransmitter a neurotransmitter?
- ) must be found in pre-synaptic neurons
- ) enzymes required for synthesis must be found in pre-synaptic neurons
- ) A mechanism for terminating its activity must be present
- ) Stimulation of a presynaptic neuron and application of the ligand to the postsynaptic neuron should yield identical
- ) Following the stimulation of the presynaptic neuron, the ligand should be present in the cleft effects
- ) Drugs that interfere with presynaptic synthesis of the ligand should block the effects of presynaptic neuronal stimulation
- ) Drugs that interfere with the post-synaptic reaction should block the effects of presynaptic neuronal stimulation
- ) Drugs that block the inactivation enzyme should prolong the neurotransmitter’s actions
Know everything about ionotrophic and metabotropihic
in the brain, what is a nucleus?
collection of cell bodies
What does trauma to the medulla oblongata result in?
death
know basal ganglia
Acetylcholine is important for what?
memory (know this!)
true or false: blood is toxic for neurons?
true
where is the fastest dying tissue located?
brain
