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Drugs and Behavior > Basic Pharm principles III (exam 2) > Flashcards

Basic Pharm principles III (exam 2) Flashcards

1
Q

several factors contribute to the effects of drugs… list some of them

A

-molecular structure
-characteristic of drug
-concentration of drug at site of action (target site)
the above includes: Dose, route of administration, Time since administration, frequency of administration, sex, genotype
-History of administration
-set
-setting

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2
Q

Pharmacokinetics focuses on ADME…what is that?

A 
Absorption 
Distribution
Binding at a target site
Metabolism 
Excretion
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3
Q

Pharmacokinetics helps to optimize drug therapy by determining :

A

dose
dosage form
dose regimen

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4
Q

What are the enteral routes of drug admission into the body? (3)

A

Mouth
Rectal
Sublingual (buccal)

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5
Q

What are the parenteral routes of drug admission into the body (10)

A 
intravenous (IV)
intramuscular (IM)
subcutaneous (SC, Sub Q)
intraarterial 
intrathecal
Intracerebroventricular (ICV)
transdermal
inhalation
topical
mucous membranes
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6
Q

What are the most common routes of admission? (5)

A 
Mouth
intravenous
intramuscular 
subcutaneous 
topical
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7
Q

There are three general mechanisms by which substances (besides water) cross cell membranes. What are they?

A
  1. diffusion
  2. facilitated diffusion
  3. active transport
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8
Q

diffusion and facilitated diffusion are both example of ___________ transport

A

passive

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9
Q

What is bioavailability?

A

the fraction of dose that actually enters the systematic circulation

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10
Q

bioavailability is based off of absorption factors. Name them (6)

A
  1. Dose
  2. Dose form
  3. Route of Administration
  4. Dissolution Rate
  5. Circulation
  6. Drug factors (lipid solubility, water solubility, pH)
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11
Q

True or False: Once absorbed into the circulatory system, the drug is distributed throughout the body

A

true

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12
Q

True or False: A large amount of the drug is in contact with receptors at any given time

A

false: very little amount of the drug is in contact with receptors at any given time

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13
Q

List 5 factors that effect the accumulation of drug in tissue

A
  1. lipophilocity of drug
  2. perfusion of target
  3. sex
  4. Concentration gradient
  5. Blood brain barrier
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14
Q

Men have proportionally (more/less) fat tissue than woman

A

less

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15
Q

Woman have proportionally (more/less) water than men

A

less

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16
Q

does drug action differ over sex?

A

yes!

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17
Q

What is the general purpose of circumventricular organs?

A
  1. communicating with CSF
  2. communicating between the brain and periphery via the blood
    (look at this slide for more information)
18
Q

What is biotransformation?

A

the chemical alteration of drug in the body

19
Q

what is catabolism vs anabolism

A

catabolism is the breakdown of molecules and anabolism is the combining of molecules

20
Q

in drug metabolism, (catabolism/anabolism) is inferred?

A

catabolism

*generally a gradual conversion to a more hydrophilic (POLAR, less lipophilic) form so that it is excreted

21
Q

List the 5 Drug Metabolism outcomes

A
  1. ) Conversion of Active molecule into inactive molecule
  2. ) Conversion of inactive molecule to active molecule
  3. ) Conversion of a Toxic molecule into a non-toxic molecule
  4. ) Conversion of a non-toxic molecule into a toxic molecule
  5. ) Conversion of lipid soluble form into water soluble form (for excretion)
22
Q

What is cleavage?

A

the metabolic process of splitting into smaller molecules

23
Q

What is oxidation?

A

the metabolic process of combining with oxygen and increase of electropositive charge by net loss of electrons

24
Q

What is reduction?

A

decrease of electropositive charge by net gain of electrons

25
Q

What is conjunction?

A

the metabolic process of combing with endogenous compound

26
Q

What organ does the most of the drug metaboling?

A

liver

27
Q

oral medications travel via the ____________ to the ______ before they enter the general _________

A

bloodstream
liver
blood supply

28
Q

what does “first pass” refer to?

A

the metabolism that occurs between absorption and systemic circulation

29
Q

For drugs administered to the GI tract, the first pass effect (by the liver) occurs because…….

A

the drugs pass through liver prior to entering the general (systematic) blood supply

30
Q

What percent of oral dose enters the stomach?
what percent enters hepatic portal vein?
what percent of the original dose is left after the first visit to the liver?

A

100%
70%
15%

31
Q

What are the fluid ways that drugs can be excreted out of the body?

A 
Sweat
Tears
Saliva
Mucous
urine
bile
human milk
32
Q

Look at drug excretion slide

A
33
Q

What is Zero-Order?

A

Elimination of a constant quantity of drug per unit time

34
Q

A reaction is zero if……

talk about the graph

A

concentration data are plotted versus time and the result is a straight line

35
Q

Half life (increases/decreases) with (increasing/decreasing) concentration

A

decrease for both

36
Q

What is First-Order?

A

elimination of a constant fraction of drug per unit time

37
Q

Do most drugs have a Zero-Order or First-Order?

A

First-Order (~95%)

38
Q

in First-Order the rate of elimination is proportional to______________________________

A

the concentration of the drug

39
Q

Compare the half-life of zero vs first order

A

zero- half life decreases with decreasing concentration

first- half life is constant (ie: 50% every 4 hours) regardless of the drug concentration

40
Q

A reaction is first if……

talk about the graph

A

concentration data are plotted versus time and the result is an exponential decrease

41
Q

in general, the effects of drugs on a fetus/neonate is (better/worse) than in adults

A

worse

42
Q

Why are these effects better/worse?

A
  • have an immature BBB
  • fewer plasma proteins (to bind to drugs and keep them from entering the brain)
  • greater proportion of blood flow to the brain
  • (far) fewer liver enzymes
  • slower drug excretion

Drugs and Behavior (10 decks)

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