Study unit 6.2 Psychopathology

Question 1

Medical model

Answer 1

Proposes that it is useful to think of abnormal behavior as a disease.

Question 2

Diagnosis

Answer 2

Distinguishing ones illness from another.

Question 3

Etiology

Answer 3

Apparent causation and developmental history of an illness.

Question 4

Prognosis

Answer 4

A forecast about the probable course of an illness.

Question 5

Deviance

Answer 5

Behavior deviates from what society views as acceptable.

Question 6

Maladaptive behavior

Answer 6

Everyday adaptive behavior is impaired. Key criteria in substance abuse.

Question 7

Personal distress

Answer 7

Diagnosis is based on an individual’s report of great personal distress, usually used in the diagnosis of anxiety and depression.

Question 8

DSM-5

Answer 8

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Released in 2013, it is the official psychodiagnostic classification system, retaining a categorical approach to disorders.

Question 9

Generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 9

A chronic, high level of anxiety that is not tied to any specific treat.

Symptoms:
Worrying constantly about yesterday’s mistakes and tomorrow’s problems. Worrying about minor matters. Anxiety is accompanied by trembling, muscle tension, diarrhea, dizziness, faintness, sweating and heart palpitations.

Question 10

Specific phobia

Answer 10

A persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger.

Question 11

Panic disorder

Answer 11

Recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and unexpectendlty.

Symptoms:
Misiniterpreted heart attacks, apprehensive and hypervigilant

Question 12

Agoraphobia

Answer 12

Fear of going out to public places.

Question 13

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OSD)

Answer 13

Persistent, uncontrollable intrusions of unwanted thoughts (obsessions, these thoughts repeatedly intrude on one’s consciousness in a distressing way) and urges to engage in senseless rituals (compulsions, actions one feels forced to carry out).

Question 14

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Answer 14

Enduring psychological disturbance attributed to the experience of a major traumatic event.

Symptoms:
Reexperiencing the event in the form of nightmares and flashbacks, emotional numbing, alienation, problems in social relations, an increased sense of vulnerability and elevated arousal, anxiety, anger and guilt

Question 15

Dissociative disorders

Answer 15

Lose contact with portions of their consciousness or memory, resulting in disruptions in their sense of identity.

Question 16

Dissociative amnesia

Answer 16

Sudden loss of memory for important personal information that is too extensive to be due to normal forgetting.

Symptoms:
Forgetting name, family, where they live, work, wandering away and remembering matters not related to their identity.

Question 17

Dissociative identity disorder (DID)

Answer 17

A disruption of identity marked by the experience of two or more largely complete, and usually very different, personalities.
(multiple personality disorder)

Symptoms:
Fail to integrate incongruent aspects of their personality into a normal, coherent whole. Each personality has his/her own name, memories, traits, physical mannerism and autonomy. The alternate personalities commonly display traits that are quite foreign to the original personality.

Question 18

Major depressive disorder

Answer 18

Persistent feelings of sadness and despair and a loss of interest in previous sources of pleasure.

Question 19

Anhedonia

Answer 19

A diminished ability to experience pleasure.

Question 20

Bipolar disorder

Answer 20

Experience of both depressed and manic periods.

Question 21

Schizophrenia

Answer 21

Marked by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking and speech, and deterioration of adaptive behavior.

Symptoms:

1) Delusions + irrational thought

Delusions - false beliefs that are maintained even though they are clearly out of reach with reality.

Believe that private thoughts are being broudcasted, that thoughts are injected into their minds against their will or controlled by some external force

Delusions of granduer - maintain they are famous and important

Thinking becomes chaotic rather than logical and linear.

“Loosening of associations” - shifts topics in disjointed ways.

2) Adaptive behavior deterioration

In the quality of the person’s routine functioning in work, social relations, and personal care.

3) Distorted perception

Hallucinations - sensory perceptions that occur in the absence of a real, external stimuli or are gross distortions of perceptual input.

4) Disturbed emotion

Flatening of emotions and become emotionally volatile.

Question 22

Autism/Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Answer 22

Profound impairement of social interaction and communication and severly restricted interests and activities, usually apparent by age 3.

Symptoms:
Lack of interest in other people
Their ability to initiate and sustain a conversation is limited, and use of language is marked by peculiarities such as echolalia (rote repetition of others’ words)
Preoccupied with objects or repetitive body movements
Extremely inflexible, minor changes in the environment can trigger rages and tantrums.

Question 23

Personality disorders

Answer 23

Class of disorders marked by extreme, inflexible personality traits that cause subjective distress or impaired social and occupational functioning.

Question 24

Antisocial personality disorder

Answer 24

Impulsive, callous, manipulative, aggressive, and irresponsible behavior.

Symptoms:
Rarely feel guilty of transgressions
Tolerate little frustration and pursue immediate gratification

Question 25

Borderline personality disorder

Answer 25

Instability in social relationships, self-image and emotional functioning

Symptoms:
Fear of abandonment
Switch between idealizing and devaluing people
Intense with frequent anger issues and poor control of their emotions
Moody, shifting among panic, despair, and feelings of emptiness
Exhibit fragile, unstable self-concepts

Question 26

Narcissistic personality disorder

Answer 26

Grandiose sense of self-importance, entitlement and an excessive need for attention and admiration.

Symptoms:
Unique and superior, boastful and pretentious
Self-esteem is fragile, leading to fishing for compliments and easily threathened by criticism
Arrogant expectations that they should merit special treatment and extra privileges

Question 27

Eating disorders

Answer 27

Severe disturbances in eating behavior characterized by preoccupation with weight concerns and unhealthy efforts to control weight.

Question 28

Anorexia Nervosa

Answer 28

Intense fear of gaining weight, disturbed body image, refusal to maintain a normal weight, and use of dangerous measures to lose weight.

Question 29

Restricting anorexia

Answer 29

Reduce intake of food

Question 30

Binge eating/purging anorexia

Answer 30

Vomit after meals by misusing laxatives and diuretics and by engaging in excessive exercise.

Question 31

Bulimia Nervosa

Answer 31

Habitually engaging in out-of-control overeating, followed by unhealthy compensatory efforts, such as self-induced vomiting, fasting, abuse of laxatives and diuretics and excessive exercise.

Question 32

Binge-eating disorder

Answer 32

Distress-inducing eating binges not accompanied by purging, fasting, and excessive exercise.