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PSYC 111 > Study unit 3.2 Learning > Flashcards

Study unit 3.2 Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Learning

A

Any relatively durable change in behavior or knowledge that is due to experience

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2
Q

Conditioning

A

Learning associations between events that occur in an organism’s environment

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3
Q

Classical/Pavlovian conditioning

A

Type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus

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4
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

Evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning

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5
Q

Unconditioned response

A

Unlearned reaction to an unconditioned stimulus that occurs without previous conditioning, it is a natural, unlearned association.

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6
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

A previously neutral stimulus that has, through conditioning, acquired the capacity to evoke a conditioned response

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7
Q

Conditioned response

A

A learned reaction to a conditioned stimulus that occurs because of previous conditioning.

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8
Q

Classical conditioned responses

A

Said to be elicited (drawn forth) because most are relatively automatic/involuntary

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9
Q

Trial

A

Any presentation of a stimulus or pair of stimuli

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10
Q

Evaluative conditioning

A

Influences people’s attitudes. Changes in the liking of a stimulus that result from pairing that stimulus with other positive or negative stimuli.

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11
Q

Acquisition (CC)

A

The initial stage of learning a new response tendency. Depends on continguity (theorized by Pavlov), continguous if occur together in time and space, however doesn’t alone automatically produce conditioning (bombareded with stimuli). Stimuli that are novel, larger or especially intense have more potential of becoming CS - more salient (stand out).

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12
Q

Extinction (CC)

A

Gradual weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response tendency. Consistent presentation of conditioned stimulus alone, without unconditioned stimulus.

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13
Q

Spontaneous Recovery (CC)

A

The reappearance of an extinguished response after a period of nonexposure to the conditioned stimulus.

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14
Q

Renewal effect (CC)

A

If a response is extinguished in a different environment than it was acquired, the extinguished response will reappear if the animal is returned to the original environment where acquisition took place.

Extinction suppresses a conditioned response, rather than erasing a learned association - does not appear to unlearning.

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15
Q

Stimulus generalization (CC)

A

When an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus responds in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus

Anxiety - overgeneralization - broader generalization gradients

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16
Q

John B. Watson

A

Founder of behaviorism. Little Albert

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17
Q

Law of generalization (CC)

A

The more similar new stimuli are to the original CS, the greater the likelihood

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18
Q

Stimulus discrimination (CC)

A

When an organism that has learned a response to a specific stimulus does not respond in the same way to new stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus.

Have to have adequate experience with both.

Requires that the original CS continues to be paired with the US, while similar stimuli are not paired with the US

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19
Q

Law of discrimination (CC)

A

The less similar new stimuli are to the original CS, the greater the likelihood

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20
Q

Higher-order conditioning

A

A conditioned stimulus functions as if it were an unconditioned stimulus.

CC does not depend on the presence of a genuine, natural US, an already established CS will work.

New conditioned responses are build on the foundation of already established condition responses.

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21
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Form of learning in which voluntary responses come to be controlled by their consequences

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22
Q

Reinforcement

A

When an event following a response increases an organism’s tendency to make that response

A response is strengthened because it leads to rewarding consequences

23
Q

Skinner box

A

A small enclosure in which an animal can make a specific response that is systematically recorded while the consequences of the response are controlled.

Permits the experimenter to control the reinforcement contingencies

24
Q

Reinforcement contingencies

A

The circumstances or rules that determine whether responses lead to the presentation of reinforcers.

Manipulates whether positive consequences occur when the animal makes the designated response.

25
Q

Cumulative recorder

A

Creates a graphic record of responding and reinforcement in a Skinner box as a function of time.

A roll of paper that moves at a steady rate underneath a moveable pen. No responding, the pen stays still and draws a straight horizontal line, reflecting the passage of time. When response occurs, pen moves up a notch. Slash marks to record the delivery of each reinforcer.

Horizontal axis - passage of time
Vertical axis - accumulation of responses

26
Q

Shaping (OP)

A

Reinforcement of closer and closer approximations of a desired response.

When an organism does not, on its own, emit the desired response

27
Q

Extinction (OP)

A

No longer followed by reinforcement

28
Q

Resistance to extinction

A

When an organism continues to make a response after delivery of the reinforcer for it has been terminated

The greater, the longer responding will continue
Response tapers of slowly = high
Response tapers of quickly = little

29
Q

Renewal effect (OP)

A

Skinner box different contexts (scents, floors, walls and ceilings)

If acquistion of response occured in one context and subsequent extinction in another context, responding recovered when returned to original context or placed in a new, neutral context

30
Q

Discriminative stimuli

A

Cues that influence operant behavior by indicating the probable consequences (reinforcement/nonreinforcement) of a response. Regulation of operant behavior.

31
Q

Reinforcement

A

Defined after the fact, in terms of its effect on behavior.

32
Q

Primary reinforcers

A

Events that are inherently reinforcing because they satisfy biological needs

33
Q

Second (conditioned) reinforcers

A

Events that acquire reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers.

Vary among members of species - depend on learning

34
Q

Schedule of reinforcement

A

A specific pattern of presentation of reinforcers over time.

35
Q

Continuous reinforcement

A

Every instance of a designated response is reinforced

36
Q

Intermittent reinforcement

A

When a designated response is reinforced only some of the time

Makes a response more resistant to extinction

37
Q

Fixed-ratio (FR) schedule

A

The reinforcer is given after a fixed number of nonreinforced responses

(e.g. every tenth lever press/salesperson receives a bonus for every 4th gym membership sold)

38
Q

Variable-ratio (VR) schedule

A

The reinforcer is given after a variable number of nonreinforced responses, varies around a predetermined average

(e.g. reinforced for every 10th lever press on the average/slot machine pays off once every six tries on the average - varies from one time to the next)

39
Q

Interval schedules

A

Requires a time period to pass between the presentation of reinforcers

40
Q

Fixed-interval (FI) schedule

A

The reinforcer is given for the first response that occurs after a fixed time intervak has elapsed

(e.g. reinforced for 1st lever press after a 2-minute interval and has to wait another 2 minutes before being able to earn the next reinforcement)

A pause in responding occurs after each reinforcer is delivered, and then responding gradually increases to a rapid rate at the end of the interval - “scalloping” response curve

41
Q

Variable-interval (VI) schedule

A

The reinforcer is given for the first response after a variable time interval has elapsed. Interval length varies around a predetermined average

(e.g. reinforced for 1st lever press after a 1-minute interval has elapsed, the following intervals are 3 min, 2 min, 4 min, with an average length of 2-minutes)

42
Q

Ratio schedules vs Variable schedules

A

RS: More rapid responding - faster resonding leads to quicker reinforcement

VS: Steadier response rates + greater resistance to extinction

43
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

When a response is strengthened because it’s followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulus

44
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

When a response is strengthened because it’s followed by the removal of an unpleasant stimulus

45
Q

Escape learning

A

An organism acquires a response that decreases or ends some unpleasant stimulation

46
Q

Shuttle box

A

Used in escape learning. Has two compartments connected by a doorway, which can be opened and closed by the experimenter, with a shock in the floor.

47
Q

Avoidance learning

A

An organism acquires a response that prevents some unpleasant stimulation from occurring. Give a signal that a shock is forthcoming.

CC + OC can work together to regulate behavior.

Warning light - becomes CS (through CC) eliciting reflexive, conditioned fear
Fleeing - OB - strengthened by negative reinforcement because it reduces conditioned fear

48
Q

Punishment

A

An event following a response weakens the tendency to make that response

Presentation of an unpleasant stimulus/removal of rewarding stimulus

49
Q

Observational learning

A

When an organism’s responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models.

Being conditioned indirectly by virtue of observing another’s conditioning.

50
Q

Albert Bandura

A

Observed the process of observational learning extensively. He does not see observational learning as entirely separate from classical and operant conditioning. It greatly extends the reach of these processes. Both classical and operant conditioning can take place vigorously through observational learning.

51
Q

Attention (OL - process)

A

To another person’s behavior and its consequences

52
Q

Retention (OL - process)

A

Store mental representation of what was witnessed

53
Q

Reproduction (OL - process)

A

Enacting a modeled response depends on the ability to reproduce the response by converting stored mental images into overt behavior.

54
Q

Motivation (OL - process)

A

Depends on whether you encounter a situation in which you believe the response is likely to pay off

PSYC 111 (15 decks)

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