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POPHLTH 111 > Study types > Flashcards

Study types Flashcards

1
Q

What does every single study have?

A

All components of PECOT

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2
Q

List the 5 components of PECOT

A 
Participants 
Exposure group 
Comparison group
Outcome 
Time
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3
Q

What are the two methods of data collection?

A

Numerical and categorical

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4
Q

What is an example of a numerical data collection?

A

Weight in kg

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5
Q

What is an example of a categorical data collection?

A

Not in numbers and is grouped into a category

E.g Underweight, normal weight, overweight

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6
Q

What are the measures of occurrence?

A

Incidence and prevalence

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7
Q

Define incidence

A

Calculating the onset of disease for OVER a period of time

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8
Q

Define prevalence

A

Calculating the number of people with a disease at ONE point in time

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9
Q

Which is the better measure of occurrence and why

A

Incidence
Keeps the denominator (i.e gives an idea of the proportion of people affected)
Not affected by the death and cure rate

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10
Q

When is an incidence measure used?

A

Used for dis-eases which have an easily observable onset

It is easy to tell when people transition from non dis-eased to dis-eased

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11
Q

What are the two sub-types of a prevalence measure?

A

Point prevalence and period prevalence

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12
Q

What is point prevalence?

A

Used for dis-eases when the onset is not as easy to observe

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13
Q

What is period prevalence?

A

Dis-ease outcome is measured at one point in time BUT have occurred over a previous period of time

Used for dis-eases where the onset may be easy to observe but may come and go/vary in severity
E.g Asthma

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14
Q

What are the 4 different study types?

A

Cohort study
Cross-sectional study
Randomised Control Trial
Ecological study

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15
Q

What is a cohort study used for?

A

To investigate associations between risk factors (exposures) & dis- ease incidence in different groups of individuals

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16
Q

What is an application of a cohort study?

A

When investigating the causes of dis-ease incidence.

17
Q

What are the design features of a cohort study?

A

Longitudinal, observational (non-experimental) Participants allocated to exposure & comparison by measurement
Dis-ease outcomes measured during follow-up

18
Q

What are strengths of a cohort study?

A

Usually cheaper than RCTs.
Exposure usually measured before outcome, avoiding recall bias and providing clear time sequence between exposure and dis- ease outcomes.

19
Q

What are some weaknesses of a cohort study?

A

Confounding is common.

Maintenance error very common in long term studies because exposure is not controlled by the investigators.

20
Q

Is a cohort study a prevalence or incidence measure?

A

An incidence measure

People tend to be followed over time (observational)

21
Q

What is a cross-sectional study used for?

A

To measure dis-ease prevalence in defined groups / populations of individuals. To investigate associations between risk factors & dis-ease prevalence in the group

22
Q

What is an application of a cross-sectional study?

A

Measuring the prevalence of dis-ease in different groups & populations

23
Q

What are some design features of a cross-sectional study?

A

Cross-sectional, observational, (non- experimental). Participants allocated to exp & comp by measurement Dis-ease outcomes measured at same time of allocation

24
Q

What are the strengths of a cross-sectional study?

A

Generally cheaper & can be completed more quickly than RCTs or cohort studies.
Best design for assessing the prevalence of dis-ease in a population.
No maintenance error as no follow-up

25
Q

What are the weaknesses of a cross-sectional study?

A

Uncertain time sequence (possible reverse causality) limits interpretation of cause and effect.
Confounding common

26
Q

What is reverse causality?

A

When the outcome causes the exposure

27
Q

What is an example of reverse causality?

A

When lifelong smokers are told they have lung cancer, many may then quit smoking. This change of behaviour after the disease develops can make it seem as if ex-smokers are actually more likely to die of lung cancer than current smokers

28
Q

What is the key difference between a cross-sectional and cohort study?

A

A cohort study is measured overtime whereas a cross-sectional study is not.

29
Q

What is the study objective of an ecological study?

A

To investigate associations between risk factors (exposures) & dis-ease prevalence or incidence in different groups of populations

30
Q

What is an application of an ecological study?

A

Investigating trends and causes of dis-ease incidence and prevalence

31
Q

What are the main design features of an ecological study?

A

Longitudinal or cross- sectional, non- experimental or experimental.
Exposure and comparison allocated to groups rather than individuals

32
Q

What are some strengths of an ecological study?

A

Generally cheaper & quicker than all other study designs because it uses data already collected.
Useful when the majority of some populations are exposed but others are not.
Efficient for rare outcomes

33
Q

What are some weaknesses of an ecological study?

A

Confounding is extremely common

34
Q

What is an objective of an RCT?

A

To investigate the effects of different interventions (exposures) on dis-ease incidence in different groups of individuals

35
Q

What is the most useful application of an RCT?

A

Investigating the effects of interventions

e.g. new therapies

36
Q

What are the main design features of an RCT?

A

Longitudinal, experimental.
Participants randomly allocated to either study exposure or comparison exposure and dis-ease outcomes measured during a follow-up period

37
Q

What is the strength of using an RCT?

A

Randomisation minimises confounding.

38
Q

What are the weaknesses of an RCT?

A

Ethical limitations
Logistically difficult as long-term follow-up difficult & costly.
Large studies expensive, so usually too small (i.e. random error is a problem)
Maintenance error common

39
Q

What does double blind mean?

A

Neither the participant or researcher/person measuring the outcome knows what treatment is being given to the person.

POPHLTH 111 (14 decks)

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