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Study Of Language Variation Flashcards

1
Q

Language is like human behaviour..(how)

A

Always changing

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2
Q

Language is in continuous transition because…

A

Of its transfer from one generation to the next

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3
Q

In the process of transfer, each user has to ___ the language for themself

A

Re create

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4
Q

Example of language change?

A

Difference between old,middle and modern English

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5
Q

Diachronic variation : the meaning of a word changes due to …(And example)

A

It’s use in a particular context eg Pen used to mean feather

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6
Q

Diachronic variation: what does extension mean?

A

Wherein a object or concept with single meaning is extended to more objects and concepts

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7
Q

Diachronic variation: transition of proper noun to…(Example)

A

Common noun eg Dunce from Duns Scotus

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8
Q

Diachronic variation: what is euphemism?

A

When one disguises an unpleasant idea by giving an inoffensive name eg restroom for toilet

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9
Q

Diachronic variation: In Modern English the back vowels are usually rounded but in Early English…

A

Front rounded vowels

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10
Q

Diachronic variation: what is Metathesis..(example)

A

Interchange of letters, syllables or sounds in a word eg Brid to Bird

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11
Q

Diachronic variation: Loss of /r/ medially before next consonant and finally( unless next word begins with vowel) – took place in ___ although it was retained in ___

A

18 century, retained in spellings

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12
Q

Diachronic variation: initial /k/ and /g/ followed by N…disappeared in…in which century
..

A

Pronounciation, late 17th century

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13
Q

Diachronic variation: what is major reason for variety in English spelling?

A

Several systems have worked in English

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14
Q

Diachronic Variation: Silent letters in Old English ( true/false)

A

False

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15
Q

Diachronic variations: Under __ influence, many old English spellings changed

A

French

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16
Q

Diachronic variation: what is Accidence/inflection? How has it been affected?

A

Where form of word changes for expressing grammatical meaning– it’s been progressively simplified

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17
Q

Diachronic variation: Old English prose can begin third person but continue in first person. Modern syntax is more…

A

Logical

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18
Q

How many diachronic variation examples?

A

13

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19
Q

When a language contacts another language, new ___varieties come up that coexist with original

A

Indigenized

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20
Q

Synchronic variation: Indian English. An attempt was made at ___by___to evolve an Indian variety known as ___

A

CIEFL Central institute of English and foreign languages, RK Bansal, General Indian English

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21
Q

Indian English includes hybrid compounds made out of eg Hindi and English such as…

A

Policewallah

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22
Q

Syntax in Indian English: Word order of questions remains unchanged because for Eg ..

A

In Hindi questions are marked by change in intonation and not syntax

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23
Q

Synchronic variation: Pidgin language. What is it?

A

They are special with very limited structures ,used for purposes such as trade by people who have no shared language

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24
Q

Pidgin languages are also called…

A

Bazaar languages

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25
Pidgin languages are still used in...(With eg)
West Indies and Pacific eg I chowchow, Chinese pidgin
26
Synchronic variation: When a pidgin develops it's own structure, it becomes...
A creole
27
A Creole is..(eg)
Product of two different languages eg Jamaican Creole
28
Synchronic variation: What is Esperanto?
A theoretical language to be used worldwide - attempts to make it not successful
29
Variety of language according to the USER is
Dialect
30
Dialect is determined by User's...
Social and geographical background
31
Geographical dialect example
In Britain, Scottish dialect
32
Social class dialect example
Aristocracy and lower class in Britain
33
Religion and caste dialect example?
Namboodri( Hindu Brahmins of Kerala) dialect
34
What is a dialect map?
On BASIS OF linguistic differences, it is possible to draw imaginary boundaries separating geographical areas.
35
Imaginary boundaries seperating geographical areas using different linguistic items is called an...
Isogloss
36
When isoglosses don't coincide and instead overlap, it is called...
Bundling
37
A bundle of isoglosses is a...
Dialect boundary
38
What is a dialect dictionary?
Lexicon of a dialect
39
What's a sociolect?(Eg)
Social or class dialect used by members of a community eg Slang by youngsters
40
What is diglossia?( Eg)
A community using two dialects, one for informal and one for formal occasions eg High and Low Arabic
41
What is idiolect? How is it different from conscious style?
Idiosyncracies of individual speaker. It is an unconscious mannerism of a speaker.
42
It can be difficult to say whether A & B are different or same language. The solution is...
Mutual intelligibility
43
A dialect rises to the status of a language when...(Eg)
It's speakers are socio-politically powerful Eg Hindi of Western UP and leaders of free India
44
Same person uses different varieties of language depending on situation, is called...
Register
45
Register according to field of discourse is what?(Eg)
For subject matter of communication eg Science
46
Register according to mode of discourse is what?
Is Medium(spoken or written) where discourse is used
47
Register according to style of discourse is what?
Determined by informality or formality of speaker and hearers relationship in social situations
48
What is stylistics?
Branch of linguistics which studies langauge of literary texts
49
Why is stylistics important?
As each writer uses style uniquely to express themselves
50
In literary criticism it is said...
" style is the man"
51
Stylistics :involves __ description of each linguistic feature at each level
Detailed
52
Stylistics: A description of prominent features in text, prominent because (3 pts)
1) they are repeated 2) placed prominently 3) depart from grammar rules
53
Modern Stylistics came through work of linguists like____ who applied ___ ideas to literature
Roman Jacobson, Sassures ideas
54
In literary language, items related at __ are shifted to _level
Related at paradigmatic, shifted to syntagmatic
55
Literary language upsets normal syntagmatic sequence. Eg?
The cat sat on the mat
56
Syntagmatic sequence is upset so that...is prominent in the sentence
Parallelism of sound
57
Another shift is when grammatical sequence is upset (eg)? This is___
Eg the ship ploughed the deep, this is deviation
58
Parallelism and deviation contrast normal language and become the ___ while normal becomes background. This technique is
Foreground, foregrounding
59
Which school did foregrounding?
School of Russian formalism
60
Uses of stylistics: interpretation and appreciation of...
Literary texts
61
Uses of stylistics: Provides clear ___ in text on basis of which judgement can be made with facts
Evidence
62
Uses of stylistics: to establish authorship is doubtful cases by ___
Comparing styles of different authors or different texts by same author
63
Uses of stylistics: Many coinages by poets and writers become part of ___ of regular language
Norms
64
In the field of sociolinguistics there is a relation between..
a relation between language and social situations
65
Sociolinguistics shows language is heterogeneous. It is important in...
Teaching and learning of languages
66
____ writes that in preparing for teaching, we have to account for the speakers needs in terms of social groups and situations
Pit Corder
67
The ___ that the student needs to command,(Pit Corder)will form the___
Linguistic repertoire, syllabus
68
With adoption of ___ approaches, learners interact more frequently in class. Judging them is contrary. Teacher have to be..
Communicative approaches to language teaching, open and tolerant
69
Teachers have to give more attention to ___ produced by student due to their dialect. At the same time the student knows there's nothing wrong with dialect-only appropriate in certain situations.
Particular errors
70
The use of appropriate speech in structure and in different social contexts by student is called ___ by ___
Communicative competence, Dell Hymes

Linguistics (11 decks)

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