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Linguistics > Study Of Language Variation > Flashcards

Study Of Language Variation Flashcards

1
Q

Language is like human behaviour..(how)

A

Always changing

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2
Q

Language is in continuous transition because…

A

Of its transfer from one generation to the next

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3
Q

In the process of transfer, each user has to ___ the language for themself

A

Re create

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4
Q

Example of language change?

A

Difference between old,middle and modern English

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5
Q

Diachronic variation : the meaning of a word changes due to …(And example)

A

It’s use in a particular context eg Pen used to mean feather

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6
Q

Diachronic variation: what does extension mean?

A

Wherein a object or concept with single meaning is extended to more objects and concepts

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7
Q

Diachronic variation: transition of proper noun to…(Example)

A

Common noun eg Dunce from Duns Scotus

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8
Q

Diachronic variation: what is euphemism?

A

When one disguises an unpleasant idea by giving an inoffensive name eg restroom for toilet

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9
Q

Diachronic variation: In Modern English the back vowels are usually rounded but in Early English…

A

Front rounded vowels

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10
Q

Diachronic variation: what is Metathesis..(example)

A

Interchange of letters, syllables or sounds in a word eg Brid to Bird

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11
Q

Diachronic variation: Loss of /r/ medially before next consonant and finally( unless next word begins with vowel) – took place in ___ although it was retained in ___

A

18 century, retained in spellings

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12
Q

Diachronic variation: initial /k/ and /g/ followed by N…disappeared in…in which century
..

A

Pronounciation, late 17th century

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13
Q

Diachronic variation: what is major reason for variety in English spelling?

A

Several systems have worked in English

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14
Q

Diachronic Variation: Silent letters in Old English ( true/false)

A

False

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15
Q

Diachronic variations: Under __ influence, many old English spellings changed

A

French

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16
Q

Diachronic variation: what is Accidence/inflection? How has it been affected?

A

Where form of word changes for expressing grammatical meaning– it’s been progressively simplified

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17
Q

Diachronic variation: Old English prose can begin third person but continue in first person. Modern syntax is more…

A

Logical

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18
Q

How many diachronic variation examples?

A

13

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19
Q

When a language contacts another language, new ___varieties come up that coexist with original

A

Indigenized

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20
Q

Synchronic variation: Indian English. An attempt was made at ___by___to evolve an Indian variety known as ___

A

CIEFL Central institute of English and foreign languages, RK Bansal, General Indian English

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21
Q

Indian English includes hybrid compounds made out of eg Hindi and English such as…

A

Policewallah

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22
Q

Syntax in Indian English: Word order of questions remains unchanged because for Eg ..

A

In Hindi questions are marked by change in intonation and not syntax

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23
Q

Synchronic variation: Pidgin language. What is it?

A

They are special with very limited structures ,used for purposes such as trade by people who have no shared language

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24
Q

Pidgin languages are also called…

A

Bazaar languages

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25
Q

Pidgin languages are still used in…(With eg)

A

West Indies and Pacific eg I chowchow, Chinese pidgin

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26
Q

Synchronic variation: When a pidgin develops it’s own structure, it becomes…

A

A creole

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27
Q

A Creole is..(eg)

A

Product of two different languages eg Jamaican Creole

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28
Q

Synchronic variation: What is Esperanto?

A

A theoretical language to be used worldwide - attempts to make it not successful

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29
Q

Variety of language according to the USER is

A

Dialect

30
Q

Dialect is determined by User’s…

A

Social and geographical background

31
Q

Geographical dialect example

A

In Britain, Scottish dialect

32
Q

Social class dialect example

A

Aristocracy and lower class in Britain

33
Q

Religion and caste dialect example?

A

Namboodri( Hindu Brahmins of Kerala) dialect

34
Q

What is a dialect map?

A

On BASIS OF linguistic differences, it is possible to draw imaginary boundaries separating geographical areas.

35
Q

Imaginary boundaries seperating geographical areas using different linguistic items is called an…

A

Isogloss

36
Q

When isoglosses don’t coincide and instead overlap, it is called…

A

Bundling

37
Q

A bundle of isoglosses is a…

A

Dialect boundary

38
Q

What is a dialect dictionary?

A

Lexicon of a dialect

39
Q

What’s a sociolect?(Eg)

A

Social or class dialect used by members of a community eg Slang by youngsters

40
Q

What is diglossia?( Eg)

A

A community using two dialects, one for informal and one for formal occasions eg High and Low Arabic

41
Q

What is idiolect? How is it different from conscious style?

A

Idiosyncracies of individual speaker. It is an unconscious mannerism of a speaker.

42
Q

It can be difficult to say whether A & B are different or same language. The solution is…

A

Mutual intelligibility

43
Q

A dialect rises to the status of a language when…(Eg)

A

It’s speakers are socio-politically powerful Eg Hindi of Western UP and leaders of free India

44
Q

Same person uses different varieties of language depending on situation, is called…

A

Register

45
Q

Register according to field of discourse is what?(Eg)

A

For subject matter of communication eg Science

46
Q

Register according to mode of discourse is what?

A

Is Medium(spoken or written) where discourse is used

47
Q

Register according to style of discourse is what?

A

Determined by informality or formality of speaker and hearers relationship in social situations

48
Q

What is stylistics?

A

Branch of linguistics which studies langauge of literary texts

49
Q

Why is stylistics important?

A

As each writer uses style uniquely to express themselves

50
Q

In literary criticism it is said…

A

” style is the man”

51
Q

Stylistics :involves __ description of each linguistic feature at each level

A

Detailed

52
Q

Stylistics: A description of prominent features in text, prominent because (3 pts)

A

1) they are repeated 2) placed prominently 3) depart from grammar rules

53
Q

Modern Stylistics came through work of linguists like____ who applied ___ ideas to literature

A

Roman Jacobson, Sassures ideas

54
Q

In literary language, items related at __ are shifted to _level

A

Related at paradigmatic, shifted to syntagmatic

55
Q

Literary language upsets normal syntagmatic sequence. Eg?

A

The cat sat on the mat

56
Q

Syntagmatic sequence is upset so that…is prominent in the sentence

A

Parallelism of sound

57
Q

Another shift is when grammatical sequence is upset (eg)? This is___

A

Eg the ship ploughed the deep, this is deviation

58
Q

Parallelism and deviation contrast normal language and become the ___ while normal becomes background. This technique is

A

Foreground, foregrounding

59
Q

Which school did foregrounding?

A

School of Russian formalism

60
Q

Uses of stylistics: interpretation and appreciation of…

A

Literary texts

61
Q

Uses of stylistics: Provides clear ___ in text on basis of which judgement can be made with facts

A

Evidence

62
Q

Uses of stylistics: to establish authorship is doubtful cases by ___

A

Comparing styles of different authors or different texts by same author

63
Q

Uses of stylistics: Many coinages by poets and writers become part of ___ of regular language

A

Norms

64
Q

In the field of sociolinguistics there is a relation between..

A

a relation between language and social situations

65
Q

Sociolinguistics shows language is heterogeneous. It is important in…

A

Teaching and learning of languages

66
Q

____ writes that in preparing for teaching, we have to account for the speakers needs in terms of social groups and situations

A

Pit Corder

67
Q

The ___ that the student needs to command,(Pit Corder)will form the___

A

Linguistic repertoire, syllabus

68
Q

With adoption of ___ approaches, learners interact more frequently in class. Judging them is contrary. Teacher have to be..

A

Communicative approaches to language teaching, open and tolerant

69
Q

Teachers have to give more attention to ___ produced by student due to their dialect. At the same time the student knows there’s nothing wrong with dialect-only appropriate in certain situations.

A

Particular errors

70
Q

The use of appropriate speech in structure and in different social contexts by student is called ___ by ___

A

Communicative competence, Dell Hymes

Linguistics (11 decks)

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