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Linguistics > Some Fundamental Concepts And Distinctions In Linguistics > Flashcards

Some Fundamental Concepts And Distinctions In Linguistics Flashcards

1
Q

Langue is ___, a set of conventions shared by all speakers of a language

A

Social

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2
Q

Parole is the ___ of language in speech or writing

A

Individual performance

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3
Q

Langue is ___ and these conventions exist in the minds of speakers in that society

A

Abstract

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4
Q

Parole is ___ and makes use of ___ like speech organs to form utterances.

A

Concrete, uses physiological mechanisms

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5
Q

Langue is the __ side of langauge. It maintains social order, relatively fixed

A

Legislative

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6
Q

Parole is the ___side and uses law ie Langue for its individual acts

A

Executive

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7
Q

According to Sassure, we can only study ___ because it is well defined and homogenous in the brain

A

Langue

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8
Q

According to Sassure, we cannot study parole as it is an___

A

Unpredictable mass of speech acts

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9
Q

Langue is signs with associations that can be converted into __ and studied

A

Written symbols

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10
Q

Individual acts of speaking ie Parole cannot be studied as they cannot be___

A

Accurately represented

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11
Q

How many differences between langue and Parole? Who gave langue and parole?

A

5, Sassure

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12
Q

Modern linguistics is based on some fundamental concepts which were explained in which century?

A

Beginning of 20th century

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13
Q

Most influential modern Linguists?(2 pts)

A

1) American school of structural anthropologists like Noam Chomsky and Leonard Bloomfield 2) European linguists like Sassure

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14
Q

Noam Chomsky made a similar dichotomy to Langue/Parole called ___

A

Competence/Perfomance

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15
Q

___ is the individual speakers mastery over rules of language (Chomsky)

A

Competence

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16
Q

____ is the production of sentences in real life situations( Chomsky)

A

Perfomance

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17
Q

Competence is ideal and gives a coherent picture of the language while…

A

Perfomance is difficult to be coherent

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18
Q

Difference between parole/langue and competence/performance is that…

A

Sassure emphasises social aspect while Chomsky emphasises individual psychology aspect

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19
Q

Chomskys competence is also based on the idea of ___ in humans that enables a person to internalise a language

A

Inbuilt language acquisition

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20
Q

Recently some sociolinguists regard dichotomies as unreal. They say langue and parole are interrelated ….why?(4pts)

A

1)Just like parole is not possible without langue, parole gradually brings changes to langue
2) Sassure himself said one can’t be studied without other( individual and social side of speech)
3) Parole has some predictable features in social contexts
4) it is easier to study parole now with audio and video recording

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21
Q

Sassure said __ is the central fact of language

A

Sign

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22
Q

A sign is a physical marker carrying information meaning something ___

A

Direct

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23
Q

Sign is opposed to ___ which contains information indirectly Eg Waving ones hand is a social sign but ___ of farewell, dismissal etc

A

Symbol, Symbolic of

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24
Q

Our entire culture is made up of signs with special meaning. The study of operation of signs in culture is ___

A

Semiotics

25
Q

Linguistic signs consists of 2 parts:

A

Signifier and signified

26
Q

Signifier is the __ and signified is the __

A

Word/sound and Object

27
Q

Does the word tree intrinsically signify the object tree? Why?(2 pts)

A

No. 1)Because tree is represented by different words in different languages 2) the word represents the CONCEPT of the object in our minds

28
Q

There is no logical reason why we choose a certain word to represent a concept. Therefore___

A

Relationship between signifier and signified is arbitrary

29
Q

Sign is the relationship between _____&___
This relationship is established by society and is arbitrary.

A

Signifier and signified

30
Q

A__ is built of several associative relationships between signifier and signified

A

Symbol

31
Q

So, langauge is a system of _____ with complex relations between signifier and signified

A

Symbolic signs

32
Q

WE say that language is structured and a system of systems. This means that it’s elements in structure are __

A

Interrelated

33
Q

Interrelated elements in language structure form a __ at each level of structure Eg phonology

A

System

34
Q

Who compares the structure of language to an orchestra?

A

Robins

35
Q

The members of an orchestra are all related to each other by specific roles as orchestra players and as smaller groups within orchestra eg Violinists.

So each___

A

Performs his function by seeing his place in relation to others

36
Q

Define structure(3 pts)– Therefore each part is a system.

A

An ordered composition of many parts, each part related to whole and also to other elements within it

37
Q

Within each system, elements are selected and ___ in building up structure

A

Combined

38
Q

In the selection process we select one element from among a class of ____(similar/different)

A

Similar elements

39
Q

The relationship between those similar elements in same class are ___

A

Paradigmatic

40
Q

In the combination process of elements, there is a linear sequence followed, this relation is called ___

A

Syntagmatic

41
Q

(Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic) Each category has elements which are separate from elements in another category therefore___

A

Elements in each category can act as representative of that category

42
Q

(Syntagmatic and Paradigmatic) Eg At the sound level there is a phonological ___(consisting of vowels and consonants) and a phonological ____( determining their combinations)

A

System, structure

43
Q

Alphabets are raw material of a language as they are the ___(sound) and ___(written)substance

A

Phonic, graphic

44
Q

Substance is the ___ or ___ as Sassure said.

A

Mere sound or word, ( Sassure ) signifier

45
Q

Substance to make sense has to linked with the meaning of __

A

Signified; the concept

46
Q

Sassure emphasises syntagmatic arrangement in language. Because?

A

Arrangement itself gives form to the substance of the language.

47
Q

At one level of expression Linguistics deals with form alone, without taking into account meaning. Eg we get sentences like

A

The bachelor gave birth to a boy. ( Semantically wrong but grammar correct )

48
Q

Form included both..

A

Grammar and semantics

49
Q

Diachronic and synchronic are differences in

A

Approach to study of language

50
Q

The synchronic approach sees langauge as a_ existing as a _at one particular time.

A

Living whole, state

51
Q

Therefore to study language synchronically, samples of this language can be taken ___ regardless of history

A

As it exists presently

52
Q

Diachronic approach traces ___ and records the changes that have taken place in language between certain points in time

A

Historical development

53
Q

Sassure gives priority to_. Why?

A

Synchronic approach.
Because what strikes us first when we study language is the state of the language used by us at the given time.

54
Q

If AB (sleeping line) is synchrony and CD( standing line) is diachrony, then_

A

AB can intersect CD at any point in time as there are number of simultaneous facts about language coexisting from history and present.

55
Q

X is the point on CD( Diachrony, standing line) where…

A

The particular point in time can be isolated and that language described

56
Q

Rules exist in language such that change affects only isolated elements. Only __ do changes affect whole language

A

Successively

57
Q

Language should be described synchronically because…

A

At each point in time all parts of a language exist relative to one other and we cannot say what their ultimate fate will be at that point( chess analogy)

58
Q

Sassure says that diachronic study conditions the language system, but still keeps the two studies apart to…

A

Avoid confusion

Linguistics (11 decks)

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