Study midterm Flashcards
Hypertrophy
An increase in cell size that results in an enlargement of functioning tissue mass
Atrophy
A cellular adaptation in which cells revert to a small size.
-Disuse or diminished
Ex. Paralysis
Pathognomic Changes
Unique histological findings that represent distinct disease processes
Transudate
A non-infected blister (watery clear fluid)
Tachydysrhythmias
Rapid irregular rhythms of the ventricle
Brady dysrhythmias
Slow irregular rhythms of the ventricle
Wheezes
High pitched, whistling sounds
Friction rub
Grating, scratchy sound
–Inflammation of the pleural surfaces
Crackles (rales)
Noncontinuous sounds
–HF or pneumonia
Angina Pectoris
Squeezing pain in chest, lack of blood flow to myocardium
Hemoptysis
Is blood containing sputum
Atelectasis
Is the collapse of alveoli
Expectoration
Is the process of coughing up sputum
Rhonchi
Low-pitched, snore-like
–Inflamed bronchi
Dyspnea
Shortness of breath
Myocardial infarction
Prolonged ischemia leading to irreversible damage
Hypoxia
Is the insufficient oxygen in the body
Hypoxemia
Lack of oxygen in bloodstream
Hypercapnia
Elevated carbon dioxide levels
Infarction
“ischemic necrosis”
Death of tissue results from prolonged ischemia
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death
Neoplasia/Tumor
“New growth”
Disorganized, uncoordinated, uncontrolled cell growth that is cancerous.
-benign or malignant
Dysplasia
Deranged cellular growth
-Vary in SIZE, SHAPE and architectural organization compared with healthy cells
Hyperplasia
The increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ
only in cells capable of mitosis
Metaplasia
Replacement of one cell type with another
EX. GERD
Purulent exudate
Pus; fluid rich in protein from WBCs, microbial organisms, and cellular debris.
Abscess
Localized, walled-off collection of purulent exudate
Effusion
Accumulation of fluid in a body cavity.
Leukocytosis
An increase in white blood cell number.
White blood cell count being between 15,000-20,000 cell/mL.
Chemotaxis
Chemical signals attract WBCs and platelets.
Cytokines
Inflammatory mediators released by WBCs. Amplify or deactivate the process.
-EX. Tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukins.
Fibrinogen
Binds to RBCs and fixes them into stacks that precipitate.
Pyrogens
Substances that cause fever.
Lymphadenopathy
Enlargement of lymph nodes, often due to inflammatory process.
Chronic inflammation
Inflammation for weeks or months with no resolution or healing.
Hemostasis
Stops bleeding
Wound retraction
Contraction of the wound edges to close the tissue gap due to myofibroblasts.
Primary intention
Least complicated wound repair, there is no missing tissue, and there are clear wound edges
Secondary intention
Extensive tissue loss, regeneration with same cell type is not possible. Longer wound healing with wound contraction to close gap.
Tertiary intention
Missing large amounts of deep tissue, prominent scarring, skin graft often needed.
Eschar
Dead tissue that sheds or falls off from healthy skin.
Debridement
Removal of necrotic tissue.
Wound dehiscence
Previously closed wound edges open and ruptures.
Wound evisceration
Internal tissues and organs protruding from open wound.
Keloid
Hyperplastia of scar tissue.
Contractures
Inflexible shrinkage of a wound.
Stricture
Narrowing of an open area.
Fistula
Abnormal connection between two structures.
Adhesion
Abnormal bands of internal scar tissue that can limit mobility.
Internal scar tissues between tissues and organs
5 cardinal signs (inflammation)
Rubor (redness) Tumor (swelling) Calor (heat) Dolor (pain) loss of function
Precancerous cervical cells is an example of this type of cell alteration.
Dysplasia
Which bacterial often causes pneumonia?
Streptococcus
Which of the following is the etiology of mononucleosis?
Epstein Barr Virus
Proliferation of cancerous white blood cells is called
Leukemia
Which of these are more common in children under 6 years old?
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Platelet disorders can be due to increase platelet activity due to..
Diabetes, smoking and hyperlipidemia
