STUDY GUIDE Flashcards
Crohn’s disease often has this type of appearance, which is due to thickening of the epithelial wall.
COBBLESTONES
A bacteria that often is found in patients with GERD and stomach ulcers
HELICOBACTER PYLORI
A sign or symptom of liver disease where fluid buildups in abdomen
ASCITES
Thinning of the trabecular matrix that occurs right before onset of osteoporosis
OSTEOPENIA
Delayed stomach opening that can cause GERD
GASTROPARESIS
Inflammation of muscle and joints
MYOSITIS
Loss of fat in stools, sign of celiac disease
STEATORRHEA
The bacteria that often causes osteomyelitis
S. aureus
Disease where the large intestine is twisting
VOLVULUS
The diseases where discs between vertebrae become compressed or misaligned
DDD
Gallbladder is producing gallstones
CHOLECYSTITIS
Another name for a bull’s eye rash of Lyme Disease
ERYTHEMA MIGRANS
Bleeding from hemorrhoids
HEMATOCHEZIA
Inflammation of a joint
ARTHRITIS
Blood in stool
MELENA
Infection of gallbladder leading to purulent effusion
EMPYEMA
Heberden’s nodes
swelling in the distal interphalangeal joint
Bouchard’s nodes
swelling at proximal interphalangeal joint
Risk factors for osteoporosis
Being female, being a post menopausal age in female lack of estrogen in female lack of weight bearing exercise being a thin and small framed woman excessive caffeine intake
What are the three types of hernias?
- Incarceration: Loop of intestine trapped between muscle fibers (EX. Inguinal hernia)
- Reducible: Returned to normal position with manual pressure
- Strangulation: Blood supply to hernia compromised by pressure
What abdominal pain is associated to appendicitis?
Starts off with vague pain in the abdomen, in the umbilical or epigastric region. With time, pain increases and localizes to the RLQ.
What is Diverticula?
Diverticula: Small outpouchings due to weakened areas within the bowel and increased intraluminal pressure. They are found in the sigmoid and descending colon.
What is an ulcer?
Ulcer: an inflammatory erosion in the stomach or duodenal lining. They can be created due to hypersecretion of HCL, ineffective mucus production, and poor cellular repair. Ulcers mostly occur in the duodenal lining.
Ascites
fluid in peritoneal cavity/due to increased venous pressure (Portal hypertension)
Esophageal bleeding
The portal hypertension increases the risk of rupture to the esophageal veins
Jaundice
Hyperbilirubinemia
Confusion
Due to encephalopathy
Elevated ammonia
Decreased toxification capability; nitrogenous wastes accumulate in the blood, causing high ammonia levels
Melena (liver failure)
Due to decrease of coagulation factors
Hepatomegaly (liver failure)
Decrease albumin synthesis
Prolonged clotting time
Coagulopathy; coagulation factors fail to be synthesized
Excessive bruising
Due to low coagulation factors
Steatorrhea
Decrease bile synthesis, undigested fats leads to steatorrhea
Calcium issues
Osteoporosis; low vitamin D causes lack of calcium absorption
Hepatitis causes
The cause of hepatitis A, C, D, and E is the ribonucleic acid viruses. Hepatitis B is caused by a DNA virus. Hepatitis A and E are also transmitted via the oral-fecal route, while hepatitis B can be transmitted by blood products and bodily fluids. Hepatitis C is the most chronic and can lead to cirrhosis or liver failure. Hepatitis D can be transmitted by IV drug use or by sexual contact, and requires a helper function of HBV.
ISCHEMIC PENUMBRA
Perimeter of brain ischemia, less perfusion – not irreversible
Small, temporary min-strokes that usually resolve on their own
Transient ischemic attack
Increased thirst and drinking, symptom of diabetes
Polydipsia
In Parkinson’s Disease, patients have progressive loss of this neurotransmitter
Dopamine
Cushing’s Syndrome is due to an increase of this hormone
CORTISOL
Weakness or inability to move on one side of the body
STROKE
This type of endocrine dysfunction occurs due to abnormal pituitary activity
SECONDARY
Enlargement of the thyroid that may be due to excess TSH
GOITER
Cerebral aneurysm is an example of this type of stroke
HEMORRHAGIC
One of the causes of ischemic stroke that would create stasis of blood leading to clot formation
ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
Symptom of hyperthyroidism that is the name of bulging eyes
EXOPHTHALMOS
Protective sheath around axon that may deteriorate with some nervous diseases
MYELIN
Types of seizures
- Focal: localized within 1cerebral hemisphere
- Generalized: involves both cerebral hemispheres
- Clonic: Sustained rhythmic jerking
- Atonic: weak or limp muscles
- Myoclonus: Muscle twitching
- Non motor symptom: “Absence seizures” staring spell, no movement
Chronic renal failure stages
Stage 1: Kidney damage w/ normal or increased GFR (greater than 90mL/min)
Stage 2: Mild reduction in GFR (60 to 89mL/min)
Stage 3: Moderate reduction in GFR; symptoms become apparent (30 to 59mL/min)
Stage 4: Severe reduction in GFR (15 to 29)
Stage 5: Kidney failure (GFR lower than 15mL/min)
urinary incontinence
- Stress: Involuntary leakage due to either poor pelvic
support or weakness in the urethral sphincter. (Most common) - Urge: Detrusor muscle overactivity is the cause of urine
leakage. - Overflow: Chronic overdistention and urinary retention in
the bladder results in overflow incontinence. - Neurogenic bladder: Interruption of the sensory nerve
fibers between the bladder and the spinal cord or the
afferent
nerve tracts to the brain - Functional: Inability to hold urine caused by CNS problems
such as stroke, psychiatric disorders, prolonged immobility,
dementia
Leading cause of infertility
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS). Multiple cysts develop on the ovary because of multiple areas of follicular cyst formation
Endometriosis
Growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus. Endometrial tissue in these sites responds to hormone fluctuations in the same way as uterine endometrium and bleeds monthy.
- Regurgitation/ implantation theory
- Metaplastic theory
- Vascular or lymphatic theory
Blood in urine
HEMATURIA
Absence of menstrual period
AMENORRHEA
Most common bacteria that may cause UTI
E. COLI
Most common cancer in males age 15 to 35 years in U.S.
TESTICULAR CANCER
Kidney stones
CALCULI
Bacterial infection that often ascends from vagina
U.T.I
Urine backup into the kidney
HYDRONEPHROSIS
Secondary sex characteristics have not appeared by age 13 in females
DELAYED PUBERTY
Removal of the testes
ORCHIECTOMY
White blood cells in the urine
PYURIA
Assessment for benign prostatic hyperplasia
DRE
Infrequent menstrual periods
OLIGOMENORRHEA
What happens to the brain to cause glutamate toxicity?
Cellular ion pumps begin to fail. Calcium ion influx results in release of glutamate, excitatory neurotransmitter. Glutamate opens sodium and calcium channels; calcium influx activates degradative enzymes, causing further death.
Hyperthyroidism
Excessive secretion of T3 & T4 (Nervousness, insomnia, sensitivity to heat, weight loss, atrial fibrillations, exophthalmos, tremor)
Hypothyroidism
Insufficient levels of T3 & T4. (Cold intolerance, weight gain, lethargy, puffy face, hair loss, brittle nails, constipation, infertility, yellow-orange skin, Anemia, hyperlipidemia)
What’s the difference between celiac dz, crohn’s dz, and ulcerative colitis?
- Celiac disease: Hypersensitivity reaction to gluten (D/O of esophagus)
- Crohn’s disease: Chronic, transmural (entire GI wall) inflammatory process (D/O of Large intestine) Cobblestones, skip lesions.
- Ulcerative Colitis: Only affects the large intestine; pseudopolyps
uric acid crystals (hyperglycemia)
The uric acid crystals, when elevated, form into needle-like crystals, which causes acute painful joint inflammation of gouty arthritis. With time, these crystals aggregate in subcutaneous tissues surrounding joints, termed tophi.
