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Patho > STUDY GUIDE > Flashcards

STUDY GUIDE Flashcards

1
Q

Crohn’s disease often has this type of appearance, which is due to thickening of the epithelial wall.

A

COBBLESTONES

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2
Q

A bacteria that often is found in patients with GERD and stomach ulcers

A

HELICOBACTER PYLORI

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3
Q

A sign or symptom of liver disease where fluid buildups in abdomen

A

ASCITES

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4
Q

Thinning of the trabecular matrix that occurs right before onset of osteoporosis

A

OSTEOPENIA

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5
Q

Delayed stomach opening that can cause GERD

A

GASTROPARESIS

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6
Q

Inflammation of muscle and joints

A

MYOSITIS

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7
Q

Loss of fat in stools, sign of celiac disease

A

STEATORRHEA

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8
Q

The bacteria that often causes osteomyelitis

A

S. aureus

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9
Q

Disease where the large intestine is twisting

A

VOLVULUS

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10
Q

The diseases where discs between vertebrae become compressed or misaligned

A

DDD

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11
Q

Gallbladder is producing gallstones

A

CHOLECYSTITIS

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12
Q

Another name for a bull’s eye rash of Lyme Disease

A

ERYTHEMA MIGRANS

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13
Q

Bleeding from hemorrhoids

A

HEMATOCHEZIA

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14
Q

Inflammation of a joint

A

ARTHRITIS

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15
Q

Blood in stool

A

MELENA

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16
Q

Infection of gallbladder leading to purulent effusion

A

EMPYEMA

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17
Q

Heberden’s nodes

A

swelling in the distal interphalangeal joint

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18
Q

Bouchard’s nodes

A

swelling at proximal interphalangeal joint

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19
Q

Risk factors for osteoporosis

A 
Being female, 
being a post menopausal age in female
lack of estrogen in female
lack of weight bearing exercise
being a thin and small framed woman
excessive caffeine intake
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20
Q

What are the three types of hernias?

A
  1. Incarceration: Loop of intestine trapped between muscle fibers (EX. Inguinal hernia)
  2. Reducible: Returned to normal position with manual pressure
  3. Strangulation: Blood supply to hernia compromised by pressure
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21
Q

What abdominal pain is associated to appendicitis?

A

Starts off with vague pain in the abdomen, in the umbilical or epigastric region. With time, pain increases and localizes to the RLQ.

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22
Q

What is Diverticula?

A

Diverticula: Small outpouchings due to weakened areas within the bowel and increased intraluminal pressure. They are found in the sigmoid and descending colon.

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23
Q

What is an ulcer?

A

Ulcer: an inflammatory erosion in the stomach or duodenal lining. They can be created due to hypersecretion of HCL, ineffective mucus production, and poor cellular repair. Ulcers mostly occur in the duodenal lining.

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24
Q

Ascites

A

fluid in peritoneal cavity/due to increased venous pressure (Portal hypertension)

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25
Q

Esophageal bleeding

A

The portal hypertension increases the risk of rupture to the esophageal veins

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26
Q

Jaundice

A

Hyperbilirubinemia

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27
Q

Confusion

A

Due to encephalopathy

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28
Q

Elevated ammonia

A

Decreased toxification capability; nitrogenous wastes accumulate in the blood, causing high ammonia levels

29
Q

Melena (liver failure)

A

Due to decrease of coagulation factors

30
Q

Hepatomegaly (liver failure)

A

Decrease albumin synthesis

31
Q

Prolonged clotting time

A

Coagulopathy; coagulation factors fail to be synthesized

32
Q

Excessive bruising

A

Due to low coagulation factors

33
Q

Steatorrhea

A

Decrease bile synthesis, undigested fats leads to steatorrhea

34
Q

Calcium issues

A

Osteoporosis; low vitamin D causes lack of calcium absorption

35
Q

Hepatitis causes

A

The cause of hepatitis A, C, D, and E is the ribonucleic acid viruses. Hepatitis B is caused by a DNA virus. Hepatitis A and E are also transmitted via the oral-fecal route, while hepatitis B can be transmitted by blood products and bodily fluids. Hepatitis C is the most chronic and can lead to cirrhosis or liver failure. Hepatitis D can be transmitted by IV drug use or by sexual contact, and requires a helper function of HBV.

36
Q

ISCHEMIC PENUMBRA

A

Perimeter of brain ischemia, less perfusion – not irreversible

37
Q

Small, temporary min-strokes that usually resolve on their own

A

Transient ischemic attack

38
Q

Increased thirst and drinking, symptom of diabetes

A

Polydipsia

39
Q

In Parkinson’s Disease, patients have progressive loss of this neurotransmitter

A

Dopamine

40
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome is due to an increase of this hormone

A

CORTISOL

41
Q

Weakness or inability to move on one side of the body

A

STROKE

42
Q

This type of endocrine dysfunction occurs due to abnormal pituitary activity

A

SECONDARY

43
Q

Enlargement of the thyroid that may be due to excess TSH

A

GOITER

44
Q

Cerebral aneurysm is an example of this type of stroke

A

HEMORRHAGIC

45
Q

One of the causes of ischemic stroke that would create stasis of blood leading to clot formation

A

ATRIAL FIBRILLATION

46
Q

Symptom of hyperthyroidism that is the name of bulging eyes

A

EXOPHTHALMOS

47
Q

Protective sheath around axon that may deteriorate with some nervous diseases

A

MYELIN

48
Q

Types of seizures

A
  1. Focal: localized within 1cerebral hemisphere
  2. Generalized: involves both cerebral hemispheres
  3. Clonic: Sustained rhythmic jerking
  4. Atonic: weak or limp muscles
  5. Myoclonus: Muscle twitching
  6. Non motor symptom: “Absence seizures” staring spell, no movement
49
Q

Chronic renal failure stages

A

Stage 1: Kidney damage w/ normal or increased GFR (greater than 90mL/min)
Stage 2: Mild reduction in GFR (60 to 89mL/min)
Stage 3: Moderate reduction in GFR; symptoms become apparent (30 to 59mL/min)
Stage 4: Severe reduction in GFR (15 to 29)
Stage 5: Kidney failure (GFR lower than 15mL/min)

50
Q

urinary incontinence

A
  1. Stress: Involuntary leakage due to either poor pelvic
    support or weakness in the urethral sphincter. (Most common)
  2. Urge: Detrusor muscle overactivity is the cause of urine
    leakage.
  3. Overflow: Chronic overdistention and urinary retention in
    the bladder results in overflow incontinence.
  4. Neurogenic bladder: Interruption of the sensory nerve
    fibers between the bladder and the spinal cord or the
    afferent
    nerve tracts to the brain
  5. Functional: Inability to hold urine caused by CNS problems
    such as stroke, psychiatric disorders, prolonged immobility,
    dementia
51
Q

Leading cause of infertility

A

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS). Multiple cysts develop on the ovary because of multiple areas of follicular cyst formation

52
Q

Endometriosis

A

Growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus. Endometrial tissue in these sites responds to hormone fluctuations in the same way as uterine endometrium and bleeds monthy.

  1. Regurgitation/ implantation theory
  2. Metaplastic theory
  3. Vascular or lymphatic theory
53
Q

Blood in urine

A

HEMATURIA

54
Q

Absence of menstrual period

A

AMENORRHEA

55
Q

Most common bacteria that may cause UTI

A

E. COLI

56
Q

Most common cancer in males age 15 to 35 years in U.S.

A

TESTICULAR CANCER

57
Q

Kidney stones

A

CALCULI

58
Q

Bacterial infection that often ascends from vagina

A

U.T.I

59
Q

Urine backup into the kidney

A

HYDRONEPHROSIS

60
Q

Secondary sex characteristics have not appeared by age 13 in females

A

DELAYED PUBERTY

61
Q

Removal of the testes

A

ORCHIECTOMY

62
Q

White blood cells in the urine

A

PYURIA

63
Q

Assessment for benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

DRE

64
Q

Infrequent menstrual periods

A

OLIGOMENORRHEA

65
Q

What happens to the brain to cause glutamate toxicity?

A

Cellular ion pumps begin to fail. Calcium ion influx results in release of glutamate, excitatory neurotransmitter. Glutamate opens sodium and calcium channels; calcium influx activates degradative enzymes, causing further death.

66
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Excessive secretion of T3 & T4 (Nervousness, insomnia, sensitivity to heat, weight loss, atrial fibrillations, exophthalmos, tremor)

67
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Insufficient levels of T3 & T4. (Cold intolerance, weight gain, lethargy, puffy face, hair loss, brittle nails, constipation, infertility, yellow-orange skin, Anemia, hyperlipidemia)

68
Q

What’s the difference between celiac dz, crohn’s dz, and ulcerative colitis?

A
  1. Celiac disease: Hypersensitivity reaction to gluten (D/O of esophagus)
  2. Crohn’s disease: Chronic, transmural (entire GI wall) inflammatory process (D/O of Large intestine) Cobblestones, skip lesions.
  3. Ulcerative Colitis: Only affects the large intestine; pseudopolyps
69
Q

uric acid crystals (hyperglycemia)

A

The uric acid crystals, when elevated, form into needle-like crystals, which causes acute painful joint inflammation of gouty arthritis. With time, these crystals aggregate in subcutaneous tissues surrounding joints, termed tophi.

Patho (9 decks)

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