Study Guides Exam 1 Flashcards
polygot world
referred to as “polygot” due to the many different people and cultures, all speaking different languages, i.e. those from Latium spoke Latin, Etruscans spoke Etruscan
Villanovan culture
provided early iron age archaeological evidence through their use of bi-conical urns and also urns in the model of huts to bury remains from cremations
Magna Graecia
means “Great Greece”, most city-states were here
Syracuse
most powerful Greek city-state at the time, founded by Corinth, controlled most of Sicily, and came into conflict with Carthage
Posidonia
best preserved Greek temples
Tomb of the Diver
located in Magna Graecia, showcasing Greek symposium scenes along with a scene of man leaping into water (could symbolize him leaping into his death/afterlife)
Etruscans
located in Etruria, spoke their own unique language of Etruscan, drew from Greek city-states. Known for “Bucchero” pottery which took inspiration from Greek art and consisted of shiny, black metal prototypes, usually served as elite drinking vessels
Dionysius of Halikarnassus
came up with the theory that Etruscans didn’t really originate from a specific group of people, they were just always there due to their strange language
Herodotus
came up with the theory that Etruscans originated from modern-day Turkey (Lydia). The king of Lydia divided his people up into two groups, one who stays in Lydia and the other moves elsewhere. The king’s son was named Tyrrhenian, so that is the origin of why the Etruscans are called Tyrrhenians by the Greeks
Cerveteri (ancient Caere)
cemetery located at Cerveteri, showcases typical Etruscan cemeteries with tombs covered with earth; hill-like
Tomb of the Reliefs
a unique Etrsucan tomb showing art draw on the sides inspired by the Greeks, also contains sarcophagi unique to the Etruscans at the time
Tomb of the Ship
shows an Etruscan banquet (symposium) scene, including women, meaning the Etruscans did not discriminate against women like the Greeks did
Aeneas
son of Anchises/Troy. He fought in the Trojan War and eventually established Lavinium after allying with King Latinus and marrying his daughter Lavinia
Romulus and Remus
they were born to Rhea Silva after she was raped by the god Mars. They were raised by she-wolves until Faustulus found them and raised them. They decided to found a new settlement on the spot where they were left to drown (later Rome) after overthrowing Amulius and reinstating Numitor. However, the twins had a dispute as to who was older and would be king since they were twins and it was impossible to determine. Thus, the pair decided to interpret the will of gods through flight of birds. They received mixed signals, so Romulus killed Remus (another version is that Romulus angrily killed Remus because he jumped over Romulus’ half-built settlement walls).
Rape of the Sabines
Romulus needed women for his newly founded city of Rome, so he attempted to get women over with diplomacy. That didn’t work, so he threw a festival to deceive the Sabines and stole their women while they were distracted
Roman Forum (Forum Romanum)
area between the holy Palatine and Capitoline hills, later drained and paved to make room for important government and religious buildings
Regia
building associated with the 7 kings, has a complicated, unknown history
Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
temple to the Roman god Jupiter built on the Capitoline w/ Etruscan influences
Rex
Roman term for king, had an indefinite term, did not have to be hereditary, elected and ratified by senators
imperium
power invested in an individual (the king in this case) by the state to do whatever he feels is in the best interests of the state
curiae
30 curiae in total, 10 curiae each tribe, citizens would fight in their curiae, they decided war and peace, and it was essentially an assembly of citizens
Numa Pompilius
2nd king, known for religious institutions
Flamen Dialis
high priest of Jupiter
Servius Tullius
6th king, known for the Servian Constitution
Servian Constitution
Reorganized the people and created a census.
Assembly of Centuriates
people were organized into centuries (divisions of the army) based on their wealth. There were 18 aristocratic calvary centuries and 170 infantry centuries in 5 different classes. The poorest of Romans, the Proletari, were thrown into one century and had no military or political function
Tarquin the Proud
7th king, the line of Roman kings ended with the Tarquins
Sextus Tarquin
son of Tarquin the Proud, he raped Lucretia after lusting over an argument with Collatinus (Lucretia’s wife) of who had the best, most virtuous wife
Lucretia
wife of Collatinus, most virtuous wife, was raped by Sextus, killed herself as and example for other roman women.
Brutus
kinsmen of Lucretia, appealed to the Forum to overthrow the Tarquins, and declare that no other man would be King of Rome ever again
Res publica
“public realm” to represent the beginning of the Republic, as opposed to res privata, “private realm” meaning the Monarchy
Consuls
replaces the kings. 2 are elected annually, with Brutus and Collatinus being the very first 2
Dictator
(not a bad thing in ancient Rome even though it’s called a dictator) called upon in times of emergency, with a 6 month long term.
Patricians
members of the old leading families back when there were clans.
Plebians/plebs
not necessarily poor, just not fortunate enough to be born into a leading family. They had no access to aristocratic or religious offices.
Debt slavery
the poorest plebs were often forced into slavery if they were unable to pay their taxes in time
Livy’s soldier
this was a citizen soldier who fought based on crop seasons. When he came back, his land was destroyed so he was unable to grow crops and pay taxes. The horonoable scars on his chest from warfare was contrasted with the welts on his back from being whipped as a slave, this juxtaposition showing just how unfair the life as a pleb could be.
“Struggle of the Orders”
Plebians soon became unsatisfied with their place in society, since Patricians held a monopoly on public offices along with land that the plebs fought for and this was extremely unfair and elitist
senatus consultum
a decree issued by the senate that is usually followed through with, and is their primary source of power
Plebian Succession
Plebians formed the plebian assembly so they could have a say as well
Tribune of the plebs
head of the Plebian assembly, they could summon the assembly and had the right to veto laws. They also had sacrosanctitas and held fasces
Twelve Tables
first Roman law code written by Plebians. Including laws like family/marriage laws, inheritance laws, criminal laws, and most importantly, debt laws
Licinian-Sextian laws
greatly improved the Plebian place within society. Included reforms like minimizing debt interest, thus hopefully decreasing debt slavery, and allowed Plebians access to public land and political and religious offices, such as consul, magistrates, increased religious officials to 10, and allowed Plebians to hold high priest positions
Hill Tribes
the beggining of Rome’s external threats. Hill Tribes raided Roman land and defeated the army
Cincinnatus
a good citizen elected to assist Rome as dictator after Rome’s defeat at the hands of the hill tribes. He resolved the situation, defeated the Hill Tribes, and returned his fasces immediately afterwards like a good model Roman citizen
Fasces
bundled reeds with an axe tied to it; a symbol of power, meaning no one can harm the holder without suffering extreme consequences, given to curule positions
Fall of Veii
Veii was a rival of Rome and they had been having continuous conflicts in the 5th c. BCE. Rome eventually engaged in 10 years of year-round seige warfare with Veii, and emerged victorious. The city of Veii was colonized (made a municipium), whilst the men were executed and the women and children were made slaves
Camillus
dictator during the war with Veii who had the smart idea to tunneled under its city walls and led Rome to victory
municipium (sing.)/municipia (pl.)
a colony/colonies of Rome
